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The Function of Speech in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty
Puc, Jan ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee) ; Janoušek, Hynek (referee)
The Function of Speech in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty The submitted doctoral thesis is an attempt to describe the development of the intentional function of speech in Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. The intentional function is defined as the change of expressed meaning that is engendered by the expression itself. We trace Husserl's position from the Logical Investigations and the first book of his Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy, where he describes speech as the non- productive mirroring of other kinds of intentionality, to the late text The Origin of Geometry, where he discerns two functions of speech: it provides thought its ideality, which is different from the ideality of species; and it provides thought its objectivity, i.e. the form of object that lasts in history as identical. In The Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty adopts Husserl's late position with several profound modifications. The starting-point ceases to be the linguistic sign, and speech becomes a kind of gesture. As a consequence, the difference between linguistic and non-linguistic ideality disappears. Furthermore, Merleau-Ponty holds that the expression accomplishes the meaning of what it expresses. In this way, speech becomes creative and ceases to be just an empty intention of...
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The Vitalism of Canguilhem
Čejka, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Vitalism of Canguilhem Vojtěch Čejka Abstract: Our bachelor project entitled The vitalism of Canguilhem concerns itself with the vitalist approach to life, as it was described by Georges Canguilhem in years 1946-7. The first part of our text introduces several vitalist physicians often mentioned in Canguilhem's texts, and their reply to the mechanistic explication of life inspired by Descartes. The second part focuses on Canguilhem's opinions concerning the older vitalists. We also point out what it is that Canguilhem finds still relevant with these authors and their attitude towards life. The manifestations of Canguilhem's vitalism, which we label "critical", are illustrated by an analysis of two of his texts in the third part. His method of reversal (renversement) which is present in both of these texts and elsewhere seems crucial to us. In the closing section we apply this method to Francis Crick's Of molecules of men. Keywords: vitalism, mechanicism, life, machine, milieu, René Descartes, Paul-Joseph Barthez, Xavier Bichat.
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Historicity as Ontological and Phenomenological Problem
Klouda, Jiří ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee) ; Horský, Jan (referee)
The first part of the thesis deals with the constitution of the modern conception of history as an independent ontological region, which is characterized by its reflexivity, i.e. the same word history does mean both action and knowledge, information about it. From this perspective, attention is paid to the main stages of development of historiography. We start with constitution of the modern conception of history in the Enlightenment and its philosophical explanation in Kant (§ 2). Followed by an analysis of the historical method developed by Droysen, being shown how the methodological limitations of this approach were associated with understanding the historical reflexivity as identity, inherited from idealistic philosophy (§ 3). A rejection of the sociological approaches in historiography refers to fundamental differences in the conception of the relationship of knowledge and action in both types of disciplines (§ 4). Great attention is paid to the renaissance of historiography attaching to enforcement cultural-anthropological paradigm, in which it was seen as a solution of problems connected with historicism and social science approach (§ 5). The second part concentrates on the analysis of the basic philosophical assumptions of cultural anthropology. Exploration leads to the establishment of the...
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Kant and Bergson on Unity of Time
Vališková, Radka ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is to compare a different conception of time in Kant's and Bergson's work and demonstrate the role of their conceptions within their philosophical projects. Time in Kant's work is both a pure a priori intuition represented as an infinite multitude of a priori successive moments and a form in which an empirical manifold appears. Manifold of pure intuition of time is united by an act of understanding and its objective unity makes synthetic a priori knowledge possible. Bergson, on the other hand, stood up against the idea of infinite divisibility of a time line. Homogenous time of mathematics considers only atemporal moments and it cannot conceive a temporal interval having time duration between two points. A pure duration therefore has to be a heterogeneous development of specific time matter, not a homogenous form in which empirical matter is quantitatively ordered as if it were without change and as an external part of change. Unity of time is therefore not quantitative but qualitative. Heterogeneous development is also on many levels permeated with homogeneity. This idea, at first sight contradictory, has to be explained by Bergson without retreating to the concept of homogenous time. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Intuition and Meaning in Edmund Husserl
Pieterová, Lenka ; Janoušek, Hynek (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The submitted thesis deals with the relation of intuition to meaning in Edmund Husserl's early work. The structure of the thesis is given by Husserl's triadic structure of epistemic acts, which is formed by the realm of subjectivity, ideality and objectiveness. In this framework, we treat the meaning in its proper sense of meaning-intention, which is but also related to the objectiveness. This relation is made possible by meaning-fulfilment, which is intuitive. At the end, we also emphasize the role of intuition not only in the Logical Investigations, which are to our thesis the central work of Husserl, but also in the whole of Husserl's philosophy.
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Guilt and Forgiveness
Borovanská, Johana ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
Main focus of this thesis is guilt and forgiveness, based on the analysis of the texts of Karl Jaspers (The Question of German Guilt), Anthony J. Steinbock (Moral Emotions: Reclaiming the Evidence of the Heart) and Vladimir Jankélévitch (Forgiveness). The above mentioned topics are followed by analysis of resentment which is closely related to both of these topics. The first part of the thesis is focused on the classification of the guilt, presented by Karl Jaspers, ie. The particular types of guilt are discussed here: the criminal, the political, the moral and the mathaphysical guilt. Following topic is focusing on the collective guilt and related questions. Jaspers' classification of guilt is folowed by Steinbock's analysis of the experence of guilt. Steinbock, in difference form Jaspers, focuses manily on the fundamental features of guilt that is considered as an experience. That presents a good addition to to Jaspers' concept of guilt which does not concern at these questions, or does so only partly. In the next part the topic of repentance, as elaborated by Steinbock, is presented. The repentance is a possible consequence of guilt, has some features in common with guilt, and is condition of possibile forgiveness. The final part of the thesis combines conceptions of both authors aiming not only...
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The Time Analysis in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception
Kormoutová, Adéla ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The thesis deals with the concept of time by Merleau-Ponty. For a complete and comprehensive interpretation of Merleau-Ponty's thought, the analysis of interpretation of Husserl phenomenology internal time consciousness precedes, because Merleau-Ponty it explicitly follows. The thesis also marginally deals with the interpretation of Bergson (in the context of the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty) due to a clearer insight into Merleau-Ponty's criticism of Bergson's concept of time. The core of the thesis is on one hand the comparison of the time analysis of Edmund Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, on the other hand, setting out the basic ideas on which Merleau-Ponty's concept of time is based and identifying the major problems with which Merleau-Ponty faces. The author of the thesis focuses on the analysis of philosophers understanding of explicit presence and its borders in a "field of presence". Conclusion contains the assessment of Merleau-Ponty's time analysis on the basis of the previous reflections and the own opinion of the thesis on the topic.
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Subjective and Objective Reasons in Ethics
Šolarová, Anna ; Jirsa, Jakub (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
This text explores the question of reasons for morality and the related issues, particularly the nature and the source of moral motivation. First, I elaborate the metaphysical distinction between subjective and objective, which concerns the status of moral reasons and the extent to which a human agent in involved in their genesis. Next, I raise some questions about moral motivation and I introduce briefly some contemporary views on these issues. Major part of the work is dedicated to the exposition of Kierkegaard's position, which combines subjective motivation for ethics (avoidance of personally perceived symptoms of despair) and objectively grounded reasons for morality (sin). Philosophers interested in moral motivation typically look for fundamental moral principles and compelling arguments in favour of being moral, but Kierkegaard turns the attention of his readers to the task of their own selves. His pseudonyms do not look for an objective moral principle, they show why the ethical life-view is essential for attainment of true selfhood. In this work, I compare some contemporary accounts of moral motivation to Kierkegaard's, I comment critically on some interpretations of Kierkegaard and differentiate between different aspects of reason for choosing the ethical life, implied in his pseudonymous...
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Death and Intersubjectivity
Härtel, Filip Hanuš ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The topic of this thesis is a relation between two constitutive aspects of out existence: death and intersubjectivity. The way how to research these issues is an interpretation of main concepts and notions contained in these texts. On the basis of the comparison of these concepts, notions and whole philosophical stands offers this thesis a perspective of comprehension to the topic of death and intersubjectivity.
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Projection and throwness, the voluntary and the involuntary. The character of human freedom between Heidegger and Ricoeur.
Haicl, Matouš ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to contrast Martin Heidegger's concept of projection and thrownness with Paul Ricoeur's dichotomy of the voluntary and the involuntary, both of which attempt to describe the state of human freedom. The concept of freedom is the focal point of this comparison. According to both Heidegger and Ricoeur, human beings posses freedom that is limited by thrownness and the involuntary and both philosophers approach this problem analogically. It is also important to note that Ricoeur built on Heidegger's foundation and was inspired by some of his ideas. Not only will this thesis explore the analogies and main points of Ricoeur's and Heidegger's concepts, it will also demonstrate what changes the concept of human freedom underwent. This should help shed some light on the nature of human freedom which opens a wide range of options to choose from, although it is always limited by involuntary elements. The comparison will be based on Heidegger's concept of freedom which he described in his book Being and Time, and Ricoeur's concept of free will which he discussed in Philosophy of the Will I.
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