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Animal assisted activities in the Czech Republic in comparison with the situation in the U. S. A.
Váňová, Tereza ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Machová, Kristýna (referee)
Animal therapy is one branch of therapy that is utilizing a mutual interaction of two living species. The first medical reference for horseback riding therapy dates to the 2nd Century A.D. and dogs were used for the first time as a supplement to the therapy in the 8th Century in Belgium. The greatest expansion of animal therapy occurred during the second half of the 20th Century.
Dogs are being used in canine therapy due to their friendliness and their higher body temperature. Kabatchnik and colleagues state that the average body temperature of a dog is 38.2C (2016) and are being used for positioning. To their clients, the dogs are a pleasant distraction and a motivation to make improvements during the rehabilitation process even though their effect is mainly psychological.
Equine - assisted activities and therapies utilizes horses as co-therapists mainly due to the way horses move. Their three-dimensional movement is similar to the way the human body moves while walking. One component of equine - assisted activities and therapies is hippotherapy that belongs under physiotherapy. The most important component for a positive effect on the client is that the horse must move in a mechanically sound manner. These mechanics are then transferred to the client.
Generally, horses and dogs are used for animal therapy, but it is possible to use other animals as well. Cats, ferrets, small rodents, or farm animals are often used for practical reasons such as transportation reasons, lowering costs, and client preferences. Each animal, regardless of the species, must be appropriately socialized and accustomed to human presence.
The Czech Republic is home to many experts that can be compared to the leaders in this field, even the leaders in the USA. A research study in the field of animal therapy is quite grueling, especially because progress is hard to quantify yet the experts are pushing boundaries and gaining new experiences daily. Conferences organized by international institutions ensure the transfer of knowledge and experiences.
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Transport as a factor influencing animal welfare
Vandrovcová, Michaela ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Kracíková, Olga (referee)
This thesis deals with transport as the influence that greatly affects and reduces welfare. In the thesis are the general rules and conditions to ensure good animal welfare, as well as an explanation of what it actually means animal welfare. Part of my work deals with indicators that disrupt these conditions and that are part of transportation or general handling the animals. In the thesis are also mentioned factors that indicate poor welfare or causes distortions. As a supplement to this part of the thesis are the specifics of the basic kinds of livestock: pigs, cattle, poultry and horses. As a result of deterioration of welfare are in the thesis the possible defect of meat after slaughter and the principle of formation of these defects under increased stress. An integral part are also requirements for the loader and the actual conditions for the transport of live animals.
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Relationship between the coat colour and melanoma occurrence in horses
Hovorková, Kristýna ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
The literary review is divided into two main parts, the first part is dealing with the coloring of horses and their genetic base and the second part is dealing with melanoma formations of horses and their division. In the chapter about several color types of horses there is a description of forming basic color types which is done by three locuses: COLOR, EXTENSION and AGOUTI. Locus COLOR (CREAM) controls whether or not to create pigment. EXTENSION locus controls about the type of pigment and AGOUTI locus controls the distribution of pigment.
The next subsection gives a breakdown of the white color in horses. Greying proces is related with locus GREY where there is a loss of pigment and the coat itself. This process and mutation is commonly connected with dermal melanoma. Non-pigmented spots called vtiligos are connected with the greying process, which is more intense with increasing age. Vtiligios are commonly found in grey horses, at the same locations as dermal melanoma. The places are perianal area under the tail, around the vulva, lips, eyes and around the penis.
Melanoma formations are divided according to whether they occur in Grey horses or other colored horses and whether they have a benign or malignant potential. A further breakdown of melanomas at grey horses is whether it is a separate, smaller segments or large, associated lesions, when this condition is called dermal melanomatosis.
At the end of the thesis there is a description of the treatment options for melanoma. The most effective appears to be a surgical removal of smaller formations. There were studies which have examined the anticancer action of the drug cimetidine but the results are not yet sufficiently conclusive. As preventing the occurrence of melanoma in grey horses it is appropriate to implement the necessary measures and individuals who are concerned should not be included in the next breeding.
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Genetic eye diseases in dogs
Šmejkalová, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor)
Eye diseases in dogs are often very similar to humans eye disease. Eye diseases are becoming more common in pure breed of dogs, therefore it is important to take them into consideration, particularly when we are crossing the parent generation.
In the first part is explained in detail and illustrated anatomy of the eye, including images and photographs. In the next part, there are described various eye diseases, namely cataract, glaucoma, hereditary diseases of the retina, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) and Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA). For each disease is described, how it is possible to diagnose the disease, how it progress, what is its connection with genetic and possible treatment alternatives. In closing there are tables and graphs showing the frequency of occurrence of a specific disease either from an overall perspective or from the perspective of individual breeds.
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The assessment of equine housing systems in terms of welfare
Morávková, Kateřina ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
Nowadays, the conditions of animals' breeding are better than they were in the past and bigger emphasis i sput on their compliance and improvement. To secure/provide a good welfare is not an easy task for the breeders. Generally, we know how good welfare should look like, but we do not know, if the animal is satisfied. Various studies and experiments of good and bad life conditions appear. On the other hand, there still are lots of things about the welfare topics, which could be discovered and explored. Other question is, if a bad welfare has something common with animals' cruelty, or does not. One of categories, which is welfare focused on is stablig. When horse breeding and stabling, we should consider their native lifestyle and behaviour. We should do this, if we want to secure a good welfare. In many of cases there is a problem, because as it has been said, there is no strict rule, what is a good and bad welfare. Some horses can be satisfied in a box, and the other can feel bad in the box -- they can have depression and they will feel best when they are out with other horses. Every system and style of stabling has its pluses and minuses. Some of the systems seem to be less suitable for horses, but it depends on the horses' character. But horses do not chooses their kind of stabling, it is choosen by the breeder. The stabling has been solved for centuries, and it must have been solved in the past, it is in the peresent, and it will be in the future. But we still come with new and improved ways of stabling. A modern guy can not imagine, that nowadays stabling should be the same as it was in the past. Today, we do not know, if this way of stabling was found as a good type of welfare and if horses were satisfied with it. It is a question, if better welfare is a box stabling or a styling out. For working horses the best stabling is the lashing one, where horses work in a wood and they want a lot of relax -- through this kind of stabling the rest can be enabled. But according to the law foals can not be roped. To stable the horse with the rope for 22 is a breach of a welfare. So we must alway take the reasons of stabling into consideration and if an exgerrated care about stabling does not verge on a horse's satisfaction. Through the behaviour and understading the horses a guy should be able to recognize, if the horse is fully satisfied and the welfare is arranged in the best way. It should be a reward for the breeders, if the horse has the good lifestyle.
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Backing and Training a Young Horse
Pokorná, Lucie ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This work is focused on the topic of backing and training of horses.
First chapter analyses learning process using positive and negative motivation during horse training.
Second chapter focuses on handling, if it is beneficial, or not, for foal development process. Further more is in this chapter mentioned, if it is possible to affect future foal behaviour by handling with mother - mare and if intervention in first social contact between foal and mother has effect on future foal development. There are also stated different types of weaning and if it is possible to prevent stress in foald by well selected type of weaning.
Third chapter is focused on natural communication with horse, on signals sent out by horse and if human is able to understand those signals and adjust communication by this.
Fourth chapter is focused on work on lunge and its following effect on backing the horse.
The work continues by following sixth chapter, where is described horse backing procedure by Beran (2009). This work is finished by horse approaches of Dillon (2012) and Beran (2009).
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Temperament, character, behaviour of the horse and its exploitation
Kohoutová, Zuzana ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Physical disposition determine horse´s capabilities of performance. Mental character of a horse basically controls his behaviour through instincts, which were obtained during millions of years of evolution. Effects of instincts can be enhanced or softened by highly developed senses. Thanks to this special combination, mankind tends to give horse an unique approach. Every individual is different and the temper may vary, it also depends on a breed. Temper determines his behaviour towards other horses and people as well, it sets prerequisitions for further use of a horse, f.e. active horses of breed A1/1 (Thoroughbred) are much more likely to be used as a racehorse than the phlegmatic ones. Horses can be divided by geografic origin into 4 groups: A group of Mongolian horses (prairie)
A group of horses Eastern (Oriental), the ancestor of the tarpan a) subgroup horses Iran b) subgroup horses tarpans c) Arabian horses subgroup of type d) subset horses English
Group of western horses, their ancestor's western type horse (now extinct)
A group of horses Nordic (Nordic)
Other division can be made by temper:
Coldblooded horses, Equus robustus is the ancestor, neco, calm, obedient, mostly used for work.
Hotblooded horses, Equus ferus is the ancestor, neco, vital, used as a sport horses. Can be purebred or crossbred. (in this context, crossbred only with certain allowed breeds)
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Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia in horses used for hiporehabilitation
Zrůstová, Jana ; Sedláková, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This bachelor thesis is processed as a literary review, and its aim is to collect, study assessment of the current literature presented findings about disease Hereditary regional dermal asthenia in horses used for hiporehabilitation.
Hiporehabilitation is a very valuable form of treatment and helps people with physical and mental health problems. It is very important though that the horse, which is an irreplaceable part of rehabilitations and theraphies, was as healthy as possible.
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA) is a novel genetic disease affecting mainly Paint horses, Appalloosas and Quarter horses, to whom one whole chapter was given. The last breed is the most affected of them all due to a high level of inbreeding especially in high valued top cutting horses. The main manifestations of HERDA are hyperelastic skin, skin lesions, pseudotumors, and hypermobility. It is a recessive disease caused by missense mutation of one base in PPIB gene located on the first chromosome (ECA1).
Because of the fact HERDA affects mainly Quarter horses, all stallions have to go trought a panel test which is compulsory since 2015. This test covers all genetic disorders of the breed which are PSSM, GBED, MH, HYPP and HERDA. The main causes of these diseases, heredity and clinical symptoms, are being described in this thesis as well.
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Inheritance of coat color in horses
Krejčová, Lucie ; Sedláková, Vladimíra (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Genetic side of horse´s coloring is an interesting topic, which has been a subject of many researches for a long time. The DNA testing has shown that the original horses were brown or buckskin and due to changes in environmental conditions also black. During the domestication circulating more colors, quickly began, helped by human selection. The color of the coat is a quality feature and is subjected to Mendel's rules, for each color of the horses are therefore responsible genes of large effect. To most of the color is already assigned to a specific gene mutation and it is identified that the gene can find and change the phenotype. An exception is the color white, roan and tobiano, known only, that are associated with the KIT gene, dun color and leopard are currently only assigned to chromosomes ECA8 and ECA1. Mutations on genes are of different character, in the MC1R gene, MATP, PMEL17 and SLC36A1 is a change of a single base pair in a gene EDNRB is a dinucleotide mutation. ASIP gene mutation is caused by deletion of 11 nucleotide pairs and on the other hand is caused by mutations STX17 duplication 4.6 kilobytes Knowledge of gene structure and mutations is necessary for testing the color of horses at the molecular level. DNA testing is still in development, but currently it is already possible to test horses to most of the colors, which is important in the accurate identification of colors, but also in preventing the development of diseases which are associated with some genotypes. The aim of this work is to organize and unify information on various horse´s colours and the manner of their inheritance, due to the increasing interest of the people and farmers on this issue.
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Temperament, character, behavior and exploitation of horses
Beranová, Andrea ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This bachelor thesis gathers the existing knowledge from the sphere of ethology,general animal breeding, biology, genetics and hipology and it tries to complete them by the newest methods and information which are related to this topic.
In the beginning it is discussed about the horse´s behaviour which can be inherent, acquired and about conduct disorders that is more or less connected to the topic of the follow- up thesis- the temperament. The temperament is in this thesis the most comprehensive theme because it predetermines horses not only to some specific behaviour, to specific using,but it is also seen in the character of each equine individuals. So it is inseperable part of each seconds of horse´s life.
How vital is the equine individual, it requires the distinctive access of other horses and of course of people. For the owners,riders, keepers and for everyone who comes to contact with a horse, it is very important to be able to understand how the horse behaves and why does it do in this way. How much is it useful criterion for the choice of a horse to the breeding? What about the temperament and the genetics?
These questions were the springboard for the writing of the biggest part of this thesis. After chapters which are dedicated to the temperament, it is focused to the next interesting characteristic of the horse´s personality which deserves more detail analysis ( than it is allowed in this thesis), and it is the character of the horse.
Regarding to all past characteristics it is shortly described to which purposes it is possible to use horses.
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