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Surface depressions of the bony pelvis in relation to childbirth and pregnancy
Medvedevová, Elina ; Rmoutilová, Rebeka (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
This bachelor's thesis describes the depressions of the pelvic bony surface, which are described in the literature as "indicators of childbirth", and summarizes the data on whether pelvic bony depressions can be associated with pregnancy and childbirth, and what other factors may be involved in the formation of these depressions. The "birth indicators" include the preauricular grooves and the dorsal fossa of the pubic bone. Historically, they have been attributed to the course of pregnancy and childbirth when physiological and hormonal changes occur. However, more recent studies and new research methods have attributed the development of these depressions not only to pregnancy but also to pelvic shape, age, increased BMI of the person, physical activity, or medical complications. A variety of factors can contribute to the development of bone surface depression in both women and men. For this reason, so-called "birth indicators" cannot be considered a reliable indicator of completed pregnancy and childbirth, and secondary use of knowledge of these depressions in sex estimation, especially by application in forensic sciences. However, it should be noted that the difference in the frequency of depression between the sexes is significant, as the incidence of such depression is more frequent and marked...
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Anthropometric-Biomechanical Characteristics of Selected Parts of the Human Skeleton Based on Principal Loads and Stiffnesses
Kuchař, Michal ; Slížová, Dáša (advisor) ; Báča, Václav (referee) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Skeleton is a basic supporting system of the human body and a passive substrate for any possible movement, while the shape and mechanical properties of a single bone are given both by the embryological origin and its function. The bone can transfer mechanical load with an optimal amount of energy, and this power flow can be documented by mechanical testing or computational modelling. The author decided on the latter and tried to define the main stiffnesses as one of the most important internal modalities to determine overall bone quality. Stiffness is a widely used biomechanical measure reflecting geometric, topologic and material properties of a given bone. It is defined as a resistance of a bone against deformation in response to an applied force. This thesis aims to study and describe a characteristic bone stiffness of a CT based virtual models using the spectral decomposition of a stiffness matrix. The characteristic stiffness as a brand-new descriptor of bone tissue will be further correlated with the bone density spatial distribution and matched against a set of chosen anthropometric measurements to test its sex-specificity. Additionally, an automatic system capable of recognising and generating anthropometric landmarks on a bone will be developed as a side result. The localisation of the...
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Extension and verification of the prediction model of human facial development
Šefčíková, Alexandra ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with the extension and validation of an already existing prediction model of human facial development. Within the main aims I also focused on comparing the new predictor with the original one and creating growth trajectories for boys, and girls. For the implementation longitudinal data from a database of 3D facial scans belonging to the 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods Laboratory in the Department of Human Anthropology and Genetics at Prf UK were used. We evaluated 693 3D facial scans of children of the Czech population in the age ranges 3-5 years, 7-12 years and 12-15 years, where we enriched these time series with new individuals and a total number consisted of 73 boys and 87 girls. Face scanning was performed once or twice a year using Vectra and 3dMd 3D optical scanners. For the follow-up analysis we used geometric morphometry methods (CPD-DCA, PCA...) which helped us to unify the created individual 3D models of faces and to calculate the mean prediction error, which is visualized by coloured maps. The resulting mean prediction error between predicted and real face was obtained by linear modelling of the data for children aged 3 to 5 years, 7 to 12 years, and 12 to 15 years. In the youngest group of children, the smallest mean prediction error was achieved by boys at the age of...
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Bioarchaeology of the plague epidemics of medieval Europe of the first millennium: history and molecular-biological knowledge
Polakovičová, Nicol ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Harnádková, Katarína (referee)
This paper outlines the first documented pandemic, Justinianic plague, which emerged in sixth century A. D. It contains basic overview of the disease, it's symptoms, life cycle and possible hosts and transmitters. Next, it focuses on the causative agent of the plague - bacterium Yersinia pestis, it's genome and evolution. The thesis comes to conclusion that the plague accompanies humanity from as early as late neolithic period. For full overview, the paper also contains information on first epidemics of our era - three epidemics, whose names consist of word "plague", although they are not plagues. The paper looks at the first real plague from several angles - it analyses literary sources, tries to find evidence in art, andlast but not least, it looks at recent bioarchaeological research. Outlining of the ongoing debate on severity of the first pandemic is a key part of this thesis.
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Geometric-morphometric approach to age and sex variability of the acetabulum
Cibulková, Simona ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
6 Abstract This thesis compared age and sex differences in lunate surface morphology using a 3D geometric-morphometric approach. The acetabulum of 240 individuals was compared using landmarks and semilandmarks placed along the edge of the lunate surface. The individuals ranged in age from 20 to 90 and came from three geographic areas. This thesis was based on the study of San-Millán et al. (2017a) that used a 2D geometric-morphometric approach to investigate the shape of the acetabulum. Analyses in this thesis showed that size, sex, and age significantly affect the acetabular shape. The differences between both sexes can be observed in the size and depth of the acetabulum, the width of the acetabular notch, and the amount of bone growth at the acetabular horns and along the edges of the lunate surface. Both sexes exhibit age- related changes, which are linked to gradual deposits of bone along the edge of the lunate surface, the acetabular horns, and the acetabular fossa, which tends to lose the 3-lobed cloverleaf shape. According to the geometric-morphometric analysis conducted in this thesis, the acetabulum provides more accurate age estimates for individuals younger than 65 years of age. Keywords: Bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, age estimation, sex estimation, acetabulum, lunate surface of hip...
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On the limits and possibilities of the stature estimating from hand and foot measurements (hand stencils and foot impressions).
Havránková, Jiřina ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Dobisíková, Miluše (referee)
This bachelor essay explains view of methods for stature estimation based on hand and foot dimensions. It appears from this view that regression functions are population specific. I have assessed this fact on the collection of 100 French students and I have applicated specific chosen regression equations on the exact group. For stature estimation the most suitable regression equation was the one created by Agnihotri and col. (2008). It provides the best results in an interval 11 up to 12 cms regarding the actual height. For one of the equations, which is using the length of the left hand and the breadth of the right hand of men, the results of the estimation is even 6 cms regarding the actual height. At the end, I tried to calculate my own equations, which offers the estimation results between 6 - 7 cms for the formulas working with the hand length, the estimation results is between 12 - 13 cms for the formulas using the breadth of the arm.
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Sexual differences and sex assessment from 3D computed tomography models of the mandible
Piskačová, Kateřina ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
This master thesis deals with sex estimation from 3D models of mandible and validity of published discriminant functions. Although discriminant functions are known to be population specific, authors pursue to design a discriminant function that will be least affected by population specificity and for which a wider use could be envisaged for sex estimation. Such discriminant functions have been suggested by Tunis et al. (2017) in a very heterogenous population of Israel and more recently (Gillet et al., 2020) in the French population. The basic question of our work was whether these discriminant functions are usable and reliable even in the Czech population. In the first part of the thesis, 61 (30 female and 31 male) 3D models of the mandible of adult of recent Czech population were used for the validation study of discriminant functions for five different states of mandibular completeness (Tunis et al., 2017) and one discriminant function for the complete mandible (Gillet et al., 2020). Total 28 measurements were taken on the mandibles in the program Viewbox 4. In the Czech population, we achieved a correct classification of 60-93.3 % depending on the completeness of the mandible, after using the Israeli functions. For the French fiction, we achieved the correct classification of 83.3 %. To find...
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The deficit of children skeletal remains in European cemeteries
Vejnarová, Rebeka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Brzobohatá, Hana (referee)
This bachelor thesis seeks explanations for the deficit of juvenile skeletons on cemeteries of past populations. First we briefly describe the process of extinction of human populations in which the distinction between today's developed and developing countries is made. It is the age-specific mortality rate in developing countries, in particular the level of child mortality, which is very close to the mortality pattern of past pre-industrial populations. Then the research methods of child mortality in the past are outlined including their problems and obstacles. Subsequently, the causes which led to higher child mortality rate in the past are stated and the probable values of child mortality are found out from the available literature which uses the above mentioned methods. Particular attention is paid to the representation of children skeletal remains in cemeteries. Comparing the empirical number of children from twelve Central European cemeteries with theoretical values indicated that especially the youngest children are under-represented. Therefore, the thesis focuses on the explanation of this phenomenon by biological, cultural and methodological factors. On the basis of available data we conclude that the biological and physicochemical properties of child bones lead to poorer preservation of these...
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Cribra orbitalia - prevalence and coincidence with another signs of diseases on skeleton. Medieval findings from the Czech Republic territory.
Poláková, Veronika ; Likovský, Jakub (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Cribra orbitalia represents one of the most frequent bone pathologies in skeletal remains of past populations. This lesion is characterised by porous, furrowed even trabecular disruption on the outer table of the compact bone on the orbital roof. Although the origin of cribra orbitalia is linked to marrow hyperplasia as a consequence of iron deficiency anemia, even other causes are not ruled out. Both occurences cribra orbitalia alone and coincidence with other signs of diseases have been recorded. Research of this study applies to cribra orbitalia as a long- term stress indicator on the skeleton and a symptom of specific diseases or anemic syndroms. Skeletal remains from Czech medieval sites with presence of cribra orbitalia as well as whole graveyard from Oškobrh were analysed. Macroscopical investigation did not demonstrate periodic coincidence of cribra orbitalia and specific bone signs of the diseases. However, the following bone changes have been observed: hyperostosis porotica, increased vascularization, supranasal porosity, inflammatory- hemorrhagic reaction on the endocranium which can in terms of differential diagnosis help to clarify the nature and/or cause of the origin of cribra orbitalia. Comparison of the population from Oškobrh with other medieval graveyards showed that frequency of...
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Evolution of Human chin
Cvrčková, Lucie ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Chin is one of the most distinctive features of anatomically modern humans, neither archaic nor Neanderthals had it. The chin is part of symphyseal part of mandibular symphysis and so that represents anatomical structure, it's meaning is not yet fully explained. The goal of the thesis was to summarize evolution of the chin including the importance od the most unique fossil findings. It also aims to explain different types of theories of the chin evolution, that have been formed so far. Among the most recognized present theories belongs dynamic and functional concept and concept of speech development impact on the formation of the chin. The first one takes into account mainly the biomechanical point of view and the development of the chin connects with the resistance of the whole jaw to chewing stress. The development of the chin during evolution was in connection with verticalizing of the symphysis, which is likely associated with non-functional factors such as the gracilization of jaw apparatus including reduction of the protrusion of both jaws as well as the space for tongue. The biomechanic "in vivo" experiments of the human mandible have not yet produced clear results. There are still needed to be addressed in the context of modern methodology. However, it is likely that the chin, as well as other...
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