National Repository of Grey Literature 34 records found  1 - 10nextend  jump to record: Search took 0.00 seconds. 
The Interference Effect on Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals
Jonáš, Juraj ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Brandoburová, Petra (referee) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
(English) Bilingualism is currently an issue of broad study within fields of psychology and cognitive neuroscience. It points not only to the cognitive or even health benefits of this phenomenon, but also to its risks. However, research is hampered by the immense variety of manifestations of bilingualism. Each bilingual has a unique linguistic history with each of their languages. Some phenomena, such as the age of acquisition of a second language, or the level of proficiency of a second language, are better explored. However, other factors, such as the similarity of the languages used by a bilingual has only recently begun to be studied. This thesis focuses on the influence of the similarity of the bilingual's language on their language processing. In the EEG experiment, the technique of evoked potentials has been used, specifically, the N200 (inhibitory) and N400 (semantic) waves have been monitored. These are probably the most frequently studied evoked potentials in bilingual subjects. Participants are divided into three groups according to the similarity of their languages: participants with similar languages (Slovak-Czech), bilingual with partially similar languages (Russian-Czech) and participants with different languages (German-Czech). A difference in the N200 effect was not observed...
Sentence imtation and working memory
Abrahámová, Miroslava ; Smolík, Filip (advisor) ; Morávková Krejčová, Lenka (referee)
Previous studies have suggested that short-term and long-term memory processes in- dependently affect performance in the sentence-imitation task. The multi-component working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch offers a suitable theoretical description of how these processes contribute to this performance. In order to examine the influence of language knowledge located in the long-term me- mory on performance in the sentence-imitation task while statistically controlling for the influence of short-term memory, we assigned to our participants different tasks testing their language knowledge, phonological short-term memory (phonological loop), com- plex short-term memory (central executive) and the sentence-repetition task. Results from hierarchical linear regression yield significant contribution of the tasks testing language knowledge to explaining the variance in the sentence-imitation task, while controlling for the contributions from the phonological and complex short-term memory tasks. These results are in accordance with previous research and the theory of multi-component working memory. Keywords: working memory, episodic buffer, sentence imitation
Nonword inflection and the role of its mental representation on language acquisition of preschool children
Walzová, Lucie ; Smolík, Filip (advisor) ; Jonáš, Juraj (referee)
Abstract This bachelor's thesis examines the nonwords inflection and the importance of their mental representation in preschool children's language acquisition. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the main findings of the studies of inflection and morphological production in language acquisition. It describes the main theoretical streams which are trying to describe the mechanism of word inflection in children, and then presents the main phenomena of children's morphological production based on the results of West Slavic language acquisition studies. The thesis also attempts to demonstrate the role of animacy in word inflection and the importance of nonwords as a tool for exploring the mechanisms behind morphological acquisition. The empirical part of this thesis investigates the role of animacy as a semantic cue in pseudowords inflection and the importance of the gender and pattern of the pseudoword in eliciting the accusative the given nominative form for preschool children. The results of the research suggest that animacy is not significant as a semantic marker for children's acquisition, but its implementation in the masculine gender of the Czech language that determines the affix in different cases is something that children follow in inflection. In feminins, on the other hand, the...
L1-acquisition of epistemic modality in Czech
Schejbalová, Edita ; Šimík, Radek (advisor) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
The thesis aims to investigate the interpretation and acquisition of the Czech modal verb muset in children, focusing on the developmental stages experienced. Muset is unique, conveying multiple (abstract) modal meanings, making its acquisition challenging for children. This thesis examines the deontic (obligation) and epistemic (level of certainty) meanings of muset using the picture-preference task developed by Cournane (2020; 2022). The research explores whether Czech children undergo similar acquisition phases to those observed in previous research on similar verbs in English and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), with a preference for deontic interpretations around age 3 and an overcommitment to epistemic meanings around age 5. Additionally, the study analyzes the morphosyntactic conditions that facilitate epistemic interpretations in adults: tense of muset and aspect of its infinitive complement. Interviews were conducted during the task to gain deeper insights into participants' reasoning. The results reveal similar acquisition patterns in Czech, English, and BCS children, with a deontic preference at age 3 and overcommitment to epistemic interpretations at age 5. Adults' interpretations are influenced by past tense, while aspectual impact is minimal in Czech. The findings suggest potential...
Contextual prediction and its effect on language processing
Březina, Jakub ; Smolík, Filip (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to offer a comprehensive account of the concept of contextual prediction. This phenomenon occurs during sentence processing and can be defined as an active anticipation of the upcoming language based on the available context. In the theoretical section, the thesis presents an overview of relevant research in the respective area. Several studies investigating the scope and potential forms of predictive sentence processing are mentioned. Theories of the general mechanisms of contextual prediction and its practical significance for language comprehension are emphasized as well. The thesis, however, focuses primarily on the use of case morphology in the prediction of thematic roles. The empirical section applies this issue on the Czech language. This section includes an experiment which investigated the predictive use of case-markings in the processing of Czech sentences. For this purpose, the experiment measured eye movements during a simultaneous presentation of sentences with a visual context. Although the experiment clearly demonstrated the presence of contextual prediction in the processing of Czech sentences, the influence of case morphology on the predictive processing remains questionable. Keywords: Prediction, Context, Language Processing, Psycholinguistics
The effect of accent and bilingualism on language-based social preferences in children
Jarůšková, Lucie ; Chládková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
In society, people naturally prefer to interact with certain individuals more than with others, both in adulthood and in childhood. Current research shows that listeners favor speakers with a native accent over speakers with a foreign accent. Some previous studies have suggested that the negative attitudes towards foreign-accented speakers might be mitigated by an individual's bilingual experience - but this effect of bilingualism has not yet been reliably demonstrated. The effects of accent and bilingualism on language-based social preferences in childhood, namely in Czech, are the focus of the present work. The empirical part consists of an experiment which included 51 monolingual and 51 bilingual children aged 4-9 years and tested whether their friendship choices are influenced by type of accent: foreign versus native. The results show an overall preference for native accent which increases with age. These results are consistent with previous research: perceptual sensitivity and social preferences for native accents are already present in childhood and increase with age, also in children acquiring Czech. There was no effect of bilingualism to moderate native accent preference detected; however, due to the heterogeneity of the sample of bilingual children, a more detailed analysis is needed in...
Information System Assessment and Proposal of ICT Modification
Smolík, Filip ; Kindlová, Dita (referee) ; Koch, Miloš (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the information system of the selected company operating in the energy industry sector and with the proposal of its modification to improve its current state. This modification will affect an area of contracting with external entities. An analysis of the current state is assessed with the knowledge from the theoretical part that results in systém requirements, which expands the possibilities of concluding contracts. The solution of the proposal is described in the last part together with the economical evaluation and benefits.
The impact of working memory training on fluid intelligence in young-old adults
Štěpánková, Hana ; Niederlová, Markéta (advisor) ; Holmerová, Iva (referee) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
Description and explanation of a natural decline of cognitive functions during ontogenetic aging laid in a century of its history grounds for various experiments trying to find wals to slow down or revoke theis process of decline. One of the cognitive domains that has been gaining ever stronger attention among neuroscientists is working memory, which is interconnected with other functions, especially with attention, executive function and fluid intelligence. So far, there has not been reached a consensus regarding a model of working memory. Nevertheless, there are many efforts to describe it, to explain its role within cognitive processes, and to enhance performance. They resulted in various complex and also specialized interventions that are used also in studies focused on older persons. This study adds to the body of literature on transfer effects of working memory training in young-old persons (age 65-75 years; N=65). It is a randomized controlled study with 2 intervened and 1 passive control groups. The goal was to find about an effect of different numbers of training lessons (10 or 20 in 5 weeks) with a computer-based adaptive visually presented verbal n-back, on latent variables of working memory and fluid intelligence. The results showed an ability of older people to significantly improve their...
Time-scale analysis of sovereign bonds market co-movement in the EU
Šmolík, Filip ; Vácha, Lukáš (advisor) ; Krištoufek, Ladislav (referee)
The thesis analyses co-movement of 10Y sovereign bond yields of 11 EU mem- bers (Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain, Belgium, Sweden and Denmark) divided into the three groups (the Core of the Eurozone, the Periphery of the Eurozone, the states outside the Eurozone). In the center of attention are changes of co-movement in the crisis period, especially near the two significant dates - the fall of Lehman Brothers (15.9.2008) and the day, when increase of Greek public deficit was announced (20.10.2009). Main contribution of the thesis is usage of alternative methodol- ogy - wavelet transformation. It allows to research how co-movement changes across scales (frequencies) and through time. Wavelet coherence is used as well as wavelet bivariate and multiple correlation. The thesis brings three main findings: (1) co-movement significantly decreased in the crisis period, but the results differ in the groups, (2) co-movement significantly differs across scales, but its heterogeneity decreased in the crisis period, (3) near to the examined dates sharp and significant decrease of wavelet correlation was observable across lower scales in some states. JEL Classification C32, C49, C58, H63 Keywords Co-movement, Wavelet Transformation, Sovereign Debt Crisis, Sovereign Bond Yields,...
Possible ratings for photographs
Kubát, Petr ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
This thesis addresses the question of the perception of photographs. It is based on the work of R. Greene and A. Oliva (2008) and further expands it. These authors investigated which global properties people identify on photographs of natural scenes and how consistent their evaluation of these properties is. In this paper I used general photographs without any thematic limitations. In the first part of the research I examined what global properties people determine during a quick viewing of a general photograph. The obtained general properties (movement limitation and fun) were added to the properties found in R. Greene's and A. Oliva's work. In the second part of the research I used a computer program for hierarchical grouping to determine how consistent the rating of these global properties is when different people rate the photographs. The resulting consistency is expressed as the average of all interobserver correlations for a given property. The experiment revealed that the transience property has the highest consistency rate (r=0,516), followed by movement in the scene (r=0,457) and openness (r=0,450). Fun (r=0,283) and navigability (r=0,245) exhibit the lowest rate of consistency. Lower concordance observed with general photographs is in my opinion caused by the higher complexity of the...

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