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What does it mean to interpret a text? The notions of understanding and interpretation in Heidegger's hermeneutics of facticity
Větrovský, Jaroslav ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
(in English): The bachelor thesis aims to explore the concept and possibilities of text interpretation in the light of Heidegger's hermeneutics of facticity. The guiding question is simple in its structure: what does it mean to interpret a text? What does the act of such interpretation consist in, and what do we do when we interpret? The locus in which questions related to the interpretation of a text have traditionally been raised is hermeneutics. Heidegger's hermeneutics of facticity differs from traditional hermeneutics in that, roughly speaking, the central notion of interpretation is not understood as a relation of an interpreting subject to another subject (author) or object (text), but as a relation of such a subject to its own possibilities. Accordingly, interpretation is always interpretation of one's own existence (Dasein), one's way of being, regardless of a particular being to which it is oriented. It follows that the interpretation of a text is, in terms of the hermeneutics of facticity, only one of many instances of interpretation in general. Heidegger therefore deals with this question only sporadically, even though the hermeneutics of facticity radically transforms its traditional form. This thesis is an attempt to reflect such a transformation and to project it back into the notion...
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Experiential types in Alfred Schütz: Between Husserl and Phenomenological Sociology
Kinc, Šimon ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; De Santis, Daniele (referee)
Edmund Husserl returns in his philosophy to the question of general concepts, dividing them into empirical (which are the result of generalizations and do not apply universally) and eidetic (having universal validity). His student Alfred Schütz challenges this division and anchors empirical pre-predicative categories, which he calls types, in the structures of the intersubjective experience of the individual in the lifeworld. Is this a radicalization of the already radical Husserlian principle of phenomenological empiricism or, on the contrary, a questioning of it? Either way, Schütz's theory of types and typification is firmly tied to the phenomenological structures of consciousness, time, meaning, sociality, or horizons of experience. The influence of this theory can hardly be overestimated, for it paved the way for a phenomenologically oriented sociology in which typification and its conceptual offspring play the role of both scientific methodology and object. For sociologists who refer to Schütz, such as T. Luckmann or H. Garfinkel, the central question is thus how people as actors categorize their world. This thesis describes the emergence of Schütz's theory of types from Husserl's phenomenological empiricism, explains its connection to other central phenomenological concepts, and outlines its...
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The Limits of Freedom
Trojan, Radim ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The thesis deals with the establishiment of limits on the usage of the concept of freedom in philosophical systems. By the analysis of chosen passages of Sartre's early existentialism in which freedom is equivalent to human reality, it is the aim of this thesis to point out the issue of unreliable treatment of the concept of freedom itself. Similarly (but in more limited extent), reflection of the usage of the concept of freedom in fourth René Descartes' Meditation on First Philosophy is performed. The result is a critique of the misuse of this concept and its flexibility in order to achieve other philosophical goals. This flexibility is usually caused by the fact that freedom is entering philosophical systems in unlimited form which is not concerned with the necessity of defining freedom by some form of non-freedom and neglects the importace of other person when declaring ourselves as free. The aim of this thesis is also to draw attention to the emptying of sense of the concept of freedom, if it is used in this unlimited form.
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Embodiment and subjectivity in the works of Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray
Čuříků, Saša ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
1 Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the topic of embodiment and subjectivity in the works of two key authors of the French feminist theory - Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. Its goal is to both elucidate the positions of both of the philosophers, as well as attempt to find a common ground between their respective positions, that is the positions of existential feminism and psychoanalysis-influenced feminism. In doing so this work likewise deals with a number of varying interpretations of both of the authors and discussed their respective merits.
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Sincereness of the filmic self: Photogenic personality in the thought of Jean Epstein
Kůs, Matěj ; Svatoňová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
This bachelor's thesis focuses primarily on the writings of Jean Epstein, in which it tries to find an implied theory of the "filmic self", that is to depict, by interpreting Epstein's texts, the nature that human personality attains having been transformed by the film medium. The key term capturing this transformation is photogénie understood here within the framework of a triadic relation between the pro-filmic reality, the film medium as an autonomous subject modifying ordinary perception and the active film viewer forming the indeterminate and unstable film objects by his/her own emotional and bodily experience. The thesis draws on Epstein's intellectual background (concerning philosophy, psychology, science and art) and seeks the "filmic self" at first as an object situated in the modified cinematographic space- time and then as a reciprocal relation to the film viewer. At the same time it tries to uncover the grounds of his/her "sincereness" and explain why the nature of film is supposeded to be revealing with regard to human personality and in what respect it offers to the viewer's eye a "sincere" image of humanity of the other.
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Intersubjectivity in The Early Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas
Marenčin, Jakub ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
Levinas orients his philosophy around a subject that is in constant struggle with its existence. Human existence, understood as a modality of Being, is belied by life's insecurities and sufferings. Being as such is not understood as perfect but as inherently flawed, and that is why a self-sufficient subject is not conceivable. On its own, it cannot ever transcend this condition. As a bearer of radical alterity, the Other offers the only possible way of transcending being. In this work, I explain the reasons behind this as well as the identity of the Other. Thus, ethics will be established as the most important basis of philosophy. Key words: Emmaunel Levinas, existence, Being, alterity, The Other, transcendence, ethics, intersubjectivity, metaphysics, ontology
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What do we not tell about ourselves? The limits of Paul Ricoeur's narrative identity
Smolíková, Barbora ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of this thesis is the explication of Paul Ricoeur's term narrative identity. The explication is focused on nondiscursive structures which shape stories but are not themselves articulated. The first part explains the term in the context of Ricoeur's distinction between idem and ipse personal identities. The second part then moves to the question of the relation between life and narrative; the concept of distanciation is applied to the narrative identity problematics and subsequently, it is shown how literary narratives can refigure the experience. In the third part, Ricoeur's conception is confronted with some objections, which also point towards further unarticulated conditions of the narrative identity. The thesis emphasizes the instability and changeability of this identity. The fourth part applies the foregoing explication of refiguration of experience through literature to other art forms and opens the topic of experience which is impossible to articulate. The conclusion makes a distinction between the three senses of limits of narrative identity: firstly unarticulated conditions shaping narratives, secondly experience impossible to articulate and thirdly critique of the conception.
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A Comparison of Prisoners' Voting Rights Legislation in Europe
Rozman, Jakub ; Stauber, Jakub (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
This work illustrates, in both theoretical and practical terms, the tension between the standard of democratic establishment in the form of universal suffrage and, on the other hand, the exclusion of certain groups, in this case prisoners, from the electoral process. The right to free choice is the essence of a democratic society, and any limitation to it naturally raises questions seeking appropriate justification. While the weight of an individual's voice throughout society is insignificant, and only in rare cases can an individual or a small group influence the final outcome, the right to vote also serves another function - it is a symbol of a person's status in society as a citizen. The restrictive notion of prisoners' suffrage has its roots in the antiquated concept of "civil death" and typically makes a counterfactual argument. But society has gradually undergone fundamental changes, and modern justifications are being demanded. Legal punishment is the natural implication of committing a crime, but what must a person commit in order to have his or her citizenship temporarily or forever diminished in liberal democracies that espouse values such as equality, inclusiveness, and the right to self- determination?
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Reason, History, Tradition. On Gadamer's Theory of Understanding
Raška, Štěpán ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
This master thesis aims to present an interpretation of Gadamer's theory of understanding. My interpretation gives an accent firstly on the motive of historicity of all understandings and at the same time her "prejudiceness" (understanding is always associated with some preconditions and it must be understood as circle). Secondly I will stress the Gadamer's concept of tradition. I will explain the tradition just as the immanent structure of historical understanding. In the second part of my text, I will formulate two problems, which are closely related to the Gadamer's theory of understanding. I consider these problems by Gadamer himself as unresolved. These are the problems of freedom on the one hand and the problem of responsibility on the other. In this part of my thesis, I will consider some objections to Gadamer's theory of understanding as well (for example Jürgen Habermas'). In conclusion I will try to take my own position especially to these two problems.
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The relation of parts and whole in the work of Christian Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl
Janoušek, Hynek ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
Cílem této práce bylo předznačit prostor vyhrazený motivům, kvůli nimž se na konci 19. století zčistajasna vynořila řada koncepcí tvarových kvalit,figurálních momentů,fundovaných obsahů či jak jinak jejich autoři nazývali věc, o níž nám zde šlo. Filosofie, jejíž "střední proud" tenkrát často nevěděl, nemá-li být spíše pojmově uvědomělejší fyziologií a/nebo psychologií, pomáhala v těchto a podobných koncepcích nenápadně připravovat půdu explozi tvarových a strukturálních motivů v obecně humanitních směrech 20. století. Zkoumání této půdy by bylo jistě věcně zajímavé, provedeno bylo zatím jen v částech. 144 V úvahu by jistě přicházely i jiné dobové proudy - herbartovská psychologie, neokantovství, voluntarismus či ruský symbolismus, popř. marxismus nebo pomalu se regenerující zájem o Hegela. Všechny tyto směry přinesly množství implicitních úvah o "strukturách" a jejich vývoji.
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