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Compare the Cost of Breast Cancer Treatment with Conventional and Biological Methods
Falisová, Katarína ; Lešetický, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jankůj, Miroslav (referee)
The cancer treatment is, thanks to new technologies, very expensive, nowadays. According to demographic data and analysis the Czech population is aging, and it is highly probable that these costs will rise even more. Therefore it is necessary to look through pharmacoeconomic analyzes to find optimal solutions of treatment. The goal of this thesis is to clarify the concept of pharmacoeconomics, cancer and breast cancer. Through the use of demographic data the aim is to assess the status of cancer patients in the future, determine the amount of expenditures for the treatment of breast cancer I have used a model patient, suffering this disease, determine the amount and cost of the conventional and biological method of treatment.
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Women´s awareness about mammographic examinations in the South Moravian region
MICHNOVÁ, Lenka
One of the aims of the bachelor?s thesis was to survey the awareness of women about the mammographic examination. Since 2002 the organized preventive scheme of active search for breast carcinoma has been under way. Breast carcinoma is a serious condition that affects women from a very young age. However, it is very well treatable if caught early. Many women have already undergone the mammographic examination. This is why a survey was carried out on the awareness of women about this procedure. The data necessary for the bachelor?s thesis were gathered by means of a quantitative survey. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires were voluntary and anonymous, aimed at female patients in selected hospitals in the South Moravia region (Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno, University Hospital Brno, Hospital Břeclav, and Hospital Kyjov). Women over 18 years of age could participate in the survey, regardless if they were going for their first or repeated examination. The total number of questionnaires handed out was 120, 110 were returned. The survey took place in July and August 2010. Three main objectives and three hypotheses were defined. The first objective was to survey the awareness of women going for a mammographic examination. The objective was achieved. The second objective was to inform and prepare the patients for further procedures if a malign tumour was found. This objective was achieved as well. The third objective was to specify the differences in the awareness of women between the individual hospitals in the South Moravia region, and it was achieved as well. The first hypothesis, that the awareness of women in hospitals is sufficient, was confirmed. The second hypothesis, that the patients are fully informed and ready for next procedures if a malign tumour is found, was also confirmed. And the last hypothesis, that the awareness of women differs between individual hospitals, was confirmed as well. The issue of the female patients? awareness prior to mammographic examination remains very important. As the current legislation states that the patient must be instructed about the examination it is necessary to make sure the patients have enough time and space to evaluate the provided information and to ask questions if necessary.
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Application of the possibilities to prevent breast carcinoma in women as a nursing issue.
NUSKOVÁ, Oldřiška
Application of the possibilities to prevent breast carcinoma in women as a nursing issue. Four objectives were set for the bachelor thesis Application of the possibilities to prevent breast carcinoma in women as a nursing issue. Objective 1: To ascertain the application of nursing interventions focused on the prevention of breast carcinoma in women within the scope of primary care. Objective 2: To ascertain what information about the risk factors of breast carcinoma development the nurses provide to women within the scope of primary care. Objective 3: To identify any obstacles that keep women from utilising a possibility of breast carcinoma prevention. Objective 4: To ascertain the reasons which make women to see a doctor when they have an advanced breast carcinoma. Four research questions were raised. 1. Which nursing interventions do the nurses apply in the prevention of breast carcinoma in women within the scope of primary care? 2. What information about the risk factors of breast carcinoma development do the nurses provide to women within the scope of primary care? 3. What obstacles keep women from utilising the possibilities of breast carcinoma prevention? 4. What reasons make women to see a doctor when they have an advanced breast carcinoma? The research set comprised two groups of respondents. The first research set consisted of six nurses working at primary care facilities in České Budějovice. The second research set consisted of eight women who were treated for breast carcinoma at the oncology ward of Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. The interviews with the respondents were conducted using the technique of a non-standardised interview based on questions prepared in advance. Based on the interview analysis, the research questions have been answered. It has also followed from the research that the nurses apply nursing interventions in the prevention of breast carcinoma in women and inform women about the risk factors of breast carcinoma development only if they know about the genetic load of breast carcinoma in the family of particular women or if they are asked by women. The application of nursing interventions in the prevention of breast carcinoma in women within the scope of primary care could be reached through educational aids for the nursing staff and executed projects focused on targeted preventive care and timely detection of breast carcinoma.
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Physiotherapy at people suffering from the oncology diagnosis focusing on the breast tumours
MALENINSKÁ, Zuzana
My Bachelor thesis Physiotherapy at people suffering from the oncology diagnosis focusing on the breast tumours, deals particularly with the most frequent malignant breast tumour which is breast carcinoma. The aim of the work in the theoretical part is to make a survey of the breast carcinoma issue with the intention to describe complications after the operation of the breast tumour which occur due to the removal of gravity lymph nodes and their therapy. In the practical part I watched the female patients after the surgery and the changes which occurred, as well as the issue whether the early therapy helped the patients to avoid the after-operation complications. I used the metod of the quality research which was carried out with two female patients who had the surgery major becouse of the diagnosed breast carcinoma. The patients were chosen according to the extent of the surgery major from the basic group of patients of The Hospital Surgical Ward in České Budějovice (Chirurgické oddělení Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s.). I used the following data collection techniques {--} interview, anamnesis, observation (kinesiology analysis), casuistry and personal medical documentations analysis. The results were processed by the form of casuistries. On the basic of patients observations I have proved the fact that the early therapy prevents the after-operation complications. It resulted in better ability to move with the shoulder joint, the relaxing of the soft tissues, regeneration of chest mobility and the correct breathing. Responsible attitude of the patient to self-therapy and preventive practices are an integral part of the therapy. The thesis can be used for needs of the clinical work of physiotherapists, different medical staff members and students who deal with this issue.
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The change in quality of life with women diagnosed breast cancer
HOLANOVÁ, Gabriela
Professional treatises and articles in commercial media having breast carcinoma in the heading characterize it mostly as an epidemiologically serious phenomenon. This fact cannot be doubted regarding to occurrence of this carcinoma disorder of women (in minimal cases of men). At present the patients become co-coordinators of the treatment in far bigger rate than they used to. Studies and practical experience in this context show that only quantitative aspects of life like the length are not the determined ones for the patient, but more and more patients prefer quality of the survival. Traditional medicine under the pressure of such findings tends to modify treatment procedures in relation with keeping certain quality of life of oncological patients. That is the reason why traditional medicine in the objectives of psychooncology specialization maps the rate of such level, searches preferences of the patients in context of type of the carcinoma, the stage of the disease, individual emotional attitudes etc. Psychooncology becomes an equal partner to radiology, surgery, pathology, oncology and psychology itself in terms of help patients. The possibility to provide psychooncological investigation in the centre of diagnosis and treatment of breast carcinoma of women Mamografie Nemocnice Písek a.s. and to process the data by the form of diploma work seemed purposeful in this case. In the theoretical part initial conditions of breast carcinoma by traditional medicine were defined {--} diagnosis, cure and consecutive treatment. Common emotional maps while facing cancer diagnosis were defined. Methods of determination quality of life of patients in historical and contemporary trends were mentioned. The selected methodology was described by the form of partially anonymous questionnaires and investigative file of 128 women was characterized. The aim of this work was to search the women with diagnosis of breast carcinoma and development of their partnerships, relationships in extended family, inter - personal relationships at work and to compare quantifiable parameters with the time before setting the diagnosis. Mapping somatic (tiredness, pain, insomnia, digestive problems) and psychosomatic factors determining quality of life of sick women was the major axis of searching and investigation. These aims were applied to defined hypotheses which dealt with goals mentioned in the context of contemporary state of comprehension to help people with oncological diagnosis: breast carcinoma is not only serious somatic problem but also psychosocial issue although psychooncology is not the specialization systematically incorporated into the complex oncological solution of patients at the moment. Dates result in the fact that the factors which contribute most to the quality of life concerning to somatic influences are negatively felt tiredness followed by pain afterwards. The dominant psychical influences include depression, anxiety and insomnia. In psychosocial sphere social support is unambiguously dominantly important for quality of life and according to the literature it can contribute even to the length of survival. Following the data, lucid absence of psychooncological help in early stages after detected disorder and during contingent recovery seemed insufficient. The diploma work was not purposeless. There was a deep interest and support of all medical staff of the mammography centre. If we succeed to include psychooncological intervention into a set of conditions asserted in the horizon of treatment of breast cancer, then the data will daily contribute to help of sick women. By generalization it is possible to outline the way in understanding the complex treatment and solving further oncological diagnoses and procedures.
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The psychosocial aspects of breast cancer in women
PRSKAVCOVÁ, Hana
The bachelor work consists of theoretical part and part of research. The work brings closer the main idea of the work, the holism. It also deals with theoretical base of brest cancer in its connections of medicine and psychology. It identifies the problem of social functioning and the life situation with help of description of changes in social relations. At the end it brings to mind practical aspects of the problem. In the research the work deals with change in social functioning by women, this is valorized on the base of qualitative research, realized with talk with direction. At the very end the work follow up the results of research, but also reserve of the research and remarks to theoretical part of work.
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The role of a nurse at coping with a technique of breast self-exam
ŠOJSLOVÁ, Dana
The aim of this study was to determine how nurses and women - non-health workers managed a breast self-examination technique and a range of educational activities of nurses in breast self-examination issue. Using four determined hypotheses the knowledge about breast cancer itself, as well as knowledge about breast self-examination techniques and education of nurses from different workplaces were studied. A quantitative survey by means of questionnaires was performed. The first questionnaire with 21 questions was for women - non-health workers, which were predominantly from České Budějovice, from offices, schools, students, friends and relatives. The second questionnaire was for nurses with 20 questions. The nurses who participated in the survey were employees of the various wards of the hospitals in České Budějovice, Tábor, Český Krumlov, Strakonice and from physicians{\crq} offices. In the theoretical part of this work the importance of the theme of ``breast disease{\crqq} was reiterated due to the fact that in our country the most common malignancy of women was breast cancer. The growing number of newly diagnosed breast cancer per year worldwide is alarming. The breast self-examination shall help especially women under 45 years of age in the detection of breast pathology. Each woman should be familiar with prevention and risk factors that contribute to breast diseases. The results of the survey show that women - non-health workers demonstrate sufficient knowledge in matters of what the breast self-examination is, the time intervals of the self-examination and what position for the self-examination to choose. Only half of all surveyed women knew in which period of the menstrual cycle it was appropriate to carry out the self-examination and, surprisingly, there was a lack of knowledge in question "In what difficulties should you visit the doctor." The inquiry has shown that most women have never been asked to carry out the breast self-examination by their doctor. The questionnaire survey of nurses showed that breast disease was still topical issue for them, and their knowledge about the breast self-examination was sufficient. Most of the surveyed nurses have never educated their patients even participated in a workshop on the self-examination and breast diseases in the past five years.
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The evaluation doses of irradiation on the skin of the patients after mastectomy with breast cancer by TLD and planning system with and without bolus.
GALEKOVÁ, Dominika
My Bachelor thesis deals with the evaluation of doses of radiation on skin, in patients after a breast ablation for a carcinoma, with thermoluminescence dosimeters and planning consoles under bolus and without bolus. The thesis comprises two parts, a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the occurrence of breast tumour diseases, classification of tumour types and prevention of breast tumour diseases, as well as on the disease diagnostics and treatment. The practical part provides evaluation of a measurement related to a dose on the surface of patient{\crq}s skin and on the surface of Rando Phantom. Measurement results are presented in tables and graphs. In the practical part, we used the Rando Phantom for measurement of thermoluminescence dosimeters, an evaluation device for the evaluation of thermoluminescence dosimeters, bolus (tissue equivalent material) which increases the dose on body surface, homogeneous. The practical part and the entire Bachelor thesis compares radiation doses on the sin of patients after total mastectomy using bolus with doses measured on the surface of a phantom. Both the phantom and the patients were irradiated under the same radiation conditions. Results of measurements conducted at ONO in the České Budějovice Hospital show that an average dose obtained from individual thermoluminescence dosimeters is 1,88 Gy in a phantom with the use of bolus, 1,5 Gy in a phantom without vthe use of bolus, 2,14 Gy in patiens after total mastectomy usány bolus and 1,76 Gy in patients after total mastectomy without using bolus. When irradiating patients without the use of bolus, the dose permeates deep into the body and is lower, while with the use of bolus, the dose keeps on the body surface and corresponds to a dose defined in the treatment plan.
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The Relation Between Mamma Tumor Size and Remission Length
ŠPAČKOVÁ, Eva
Brest cancer is one of the most frequent malign types of cancer women suffer from. Its occurrence has been rising. It can be found more and more among younger generation and it has thus become a public health problem as well as social, economical and in general a problem for the whole society. In the Czech Republic each year over 5 500 new cases is being diagnosed. 2 000 Czech women die every year of breast cancer. In my dissertation I have analysed a current state of mammal diagnostics and prevention. I have analysed and evaluated data from 238 women, who were diagnosed with breast cancer from 2003 until 2007 at the accredited mammographic department in Havlíčkův Brod at Vrabčí trh. The aim of the dissertation was to find out whether the length of remission depends on the size of tumour when it is diagnosed malign. Even though there was rather small number of women who had tumour of size smaller than 1 cm and it did not influence the length of remission, the illness went forward, the results of my dissertation confirmed my hypothesis {--} the length of remission depends on the size of tumour when it is diagnosed malign. The results of my dissertation will help support mammographic screening in the Czech Republic.
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Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma
CISÁRIKOVÁ, Štěpánka
Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma Breast cancer is the most frequent women malignancy and its incidence in developed countriesis on the rise all the time. It is necessary to look for effective procedures of prevention of occurance of this desease, to examine and see all risk factors that could help, though in a small extent, to spreads this desease. It is necessary to provide very sensitive sreening, to improve all possible methods of examination and to opt for effective methods of treatment.Risk factors represent heterogenous set of impacts of both the internal and external environment and they influence an outbreak of breast cancer through various mechanisms. The goal of my work - based on analysis of risk factors - is to refer to the factors that might be important in preventive treatment of this disease. I made statistic analysis of questionaires of women with breast cancer and a group of random samples of other women. The research showed a negative impact of cancer in family ananmnesis, age of the first childbirth after the age of 30 and also the impact of the environmet - in the areas with elevated levels of radiation in the ground the braeast cancer was more frequent.Of course, my results may be burdened by small numbers mistakes but one thing is clear - that in a family history of breast cancer women should undergo a mammography screening every year. Obejctively and statistically significant results may be gained only by a long time monitoring of given number of women.
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