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Osteoporosis - analysis of hazard factors and health-social consequences on postclimacterial women in Klatovy region
ŠANTOROVÁ, Markéta
The topic of bachelor thesis is Osteoporosis-Analysis of Risky Factors and Health and Social Consequences with a View to Postmenopausal Women in the Region of Klatovy. Osteoporosis is the disease of body ´s bones, which is characterized by the decrease in bone minerals amount, the decrease in bone density and the change of bone micro architecture. The consequence of these changes is the lowered quality of bone tissue and the higher risk of fractures. Generally, we can divide risky factors into three large groups: factors which can not be influenced by a patient alone (age, sex, genetic influences, geographical influences and climate conditions), which are given in advance and it is not possible to change them; further the factors which can be partly influenced by various measures, for example dietary, regime and medical measures. The last group comprises factors which can be directly influenced by an affected person, and thus only dependant on his or her will and decision (input of calcium into an organism, the influence of a diet, mobility, and bad habits). In the theoretical part the definitions associated with the title of bachelor thesis are explained: etiopathogenesis of osteoporosis, risk factors, clinical picture of this disease, examination of patients with osteoporosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, further anatomy, the structure and function of a bone, and last but not least climacterium and post menopause. For the practical part of bachelor thesis the method of data collection in the form of a questionnaire was chosen. Two questionnaires were created, of which the first comprised 17 closed questions; the second comprised 17 closed questions and 1 open question. The data was collected in the period from June 2007 to June 2008. First, 100 questionnaires were distributed; their rate of return was 100%. After the evaluation of osteoporosis measurements, 66 questionnaires were distributed to women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found; and the rate of return was 60 questionnaires. The research group was the women after menopause from the age of 45 to 80 from the region of Klatovy. The hypothesis no. 1, that the women with significant osteoporosis had 3 or more risk factors, proved, since 15 women with significant osteoporosis mentioned 3 and more risk factors. The hypothesis no. 2, that most women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found by examination, would change their present lifestyle and eating habits, proved, since out of 60 questioned women who suffer from this disease 54 changed their present lifestyles. Thy hypothesis no. 3, that at least one fifth of women with the diagnosis of osteoporosis suffered some of typical fractures, is true, since out of 15 patients who have osteoporosis, 13 mentioned the fracture already in the first questionnaire, 5 women in the second questionnaire (the fracture since the last measurement). The aim of the thesis was to find out the range of osteoporosis occurrence in measured group, the analysis of risk factors, health and social impacts and consequences in a year monitoring. This aim was achieved. The thesis can be used to prevent and eliminate risk factors which can be influenced; on the basis of analysis of risk factors and life style, cultural appeal on healthy women and already ill patients will occur. Better informedness of women is the basic presumption for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Use of Nurses' Competencies in Preventive Care of a Patient with Ischemic Heart Disease
MATSCHEOVÁ, Linda
Ischemic heart disease belongs to the most frequent diseases in developed countries. I have chosen this topic not only because I am interested in this issue but also because I work at emergency ward of internal medicine and majority of patients there suffer from this disease. There are two parts in my thesis {--} the theoretical and the research part. The theoretical part deals with heart anatomy and physiology, with epidemiology and aetiology, with risk factors, with classification, clinical picture, diagnostics, with treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease. Further, the thesis survey educational process, roles, mission, function and competences of a nurse. The first objective of the thesis was to find out the awareness of nurses´ competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The second objective was to find out, whether nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The third objective was to find out involvement of management (head nurses, departmental nurses, shift nurses) in the secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The fourth objective of the thesis was to find out whether nurses use their knowledge of secondary prevention in patients with ischemic heart disease. Four hypotheses were set for the above mentioned objectives. H1: Nurses are aware of their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H2: Nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H3: Shift nurses, motivated by head nurses, are more involved in the secondary prevention in patients with IHD. H4: Nurses use their knowledge in the area of secondary prevention in patients with IHD. A questionnaire was made up to achieve the objectives and to prove or to disprove the hypotheses of this research. The questionnaire contained 24 questions {--} closed and semi-closed. The research sample was formed from nurses from South Bohemian and central-Bohemian regions. 377 questionnaires were handed out. 242 questionnaires returned and 230 of them were applicable to the research. The first, second and fourth hypotheses were proved. Shift nurses are more involved in secondary prevention in patients with IHD, however, not on the basis of motivation by head nurses, thus, the fourth hypothesis was not proved. I also revealed that nurses do not have sufficient knowledge in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. On the grounds of these results we created mental maps on ischemic heart disease and its prevention. These maps might enhance nurses´ knowledge and improve the life of patients with ischemic heart disease.
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The observation of non pharmacological possibilities of the therapy by decreasing the risk faktors of atherosclerosis from the patients view.
REICHERTOVÁ, Stanislava
Atherosclerosis and its risk factors represent one of the most significant health problems of the western civilization; they are one of the most frequent causes of death and they limit significantly the quality and length of life. Atherosclerosis also causes invalidity. More than fifty thousand people die of heart and blood vessel related diseases in the Czech Republic every year. Non-pharmacological therapy, based on changing life habits, is an integral part of treating atherosclerosis. These measures include the reduction of body weight, suitable physical activities, changes of eating habits, preventing stressful situations, and absolute termination of smoking. The objective of the paper was to find out about the awareness and subsequent observance of non-pharmacological treatment measures in patients who have been diagnosed with at least one risk factor. Nurses play a very important role in non-pharmacological treatment. Their task is to inform patients about the non-pharmacological treatment, to provide assistance in acquiring required habits, to change behaviour of patients, and to help patients cope with the care of themselves. Therefore, it was necessary to find out about nurses? education, experience, potential, time and enthusiasm for educational activities at various departments. The data for this paper was collected using a quantitative research strategy by means of questionnaire method. A questionnaire for patients contained 31 questions and a questionnaire for nurses contained 23 questions. The results were processed in a graphic form. The research was carried out at the medical inpatient department and the specialized outpatient departments of cardiology, diabetology, internal, and industrial doctor at Mulač Hospital in Pilsen. Three hypotheses were formulated: 1 Patients know the principles of non-pharmacological treatment of atherosclerosis risk factors. 2 Patients observe the principles of non-pharmacological treatment of atherosclerosis risk factors. 3 There are differences in providing education at the inpatient and outpatient departments to patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor. The research resulted in the finding that patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor know the principles of non-pharmacological treatment but they do not observe these principles. The first hypothesis has been confirmed, the second one was disconfirmed. It has also been found out the there are differences in methods and means available to nurses to provide education as impatient and outpatient facilities. The third hypothesis has been confirmed. The results of our research obtained through the work on this paper will be used as background material for nurses? educational activities and thus they may contribute to increasing the preventive measures for patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor.
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Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma
CISÁRIKOVÁ, Štěpánka
Risk factors importance by detection of breast carcinoma Breast cancer is the most frequent women malignancy and its incidence in developed countriesis on the rise all the time. It is necessary to look for effective procedures of prevention of occurance of this desease, to examine and see all risk factors that could help, though in a small extent, to spreads this desease. It is necessary to provide very sensitive sreening, to improve all possible methods of examination and to opt for effective methods of treatment.Risk factors represent heterogenous set of impacts of both the internal and external environment and they influence an outbreak of breast cancer through various mechanisms. The goal of my work - based on analysis of risk factors - is to refer to the factors that might be important in preventive treatment of this disease. I made statistic analysis of questionaires of women with breast cancer and a group of random samples of other women. The research showed a negative impact of cancer in family ananmnesis, age of the first childbirth after the age of 30 and also the impact of the environmet - in the areas with elevated levels of radiation in the ground the braeast cancer was more frequent.Of course, my results may be burdened by small numbers mistakes but one thing is clear - that in a family history of breast cancer women should undergo a mammography screening every year. Obejctively and statistically significant results may be gained only by a long time monitoring of given number of women.
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Possibilities and Limits of Substitute Family Care
PRÁŠILOVÁ, Kateřina
The paper deals with the importance of substitute family care in the Czech Republic. Theoretical part characterizes possibilities of substitute family care, importance of family and its ambiance. Next, it describes risk and protective factors and substitute family, focuses on institutional treatment of children and possible problems of child{\crq}s socialization. Practical part contains casuistics and comparison of two chosen cases: case of successful and unsuccessful substitute family care. Both cases have good intention. They offer further view into problems of substitute family care. Its quality is not related only to those who decided to take abandoned child into their family but lies also in the child itself and not forgetting in abilities of workers securing substitute family care.
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Battered child
ŠTĚPKOVÁ, Miloslava
This work discusses the problem of battered children highlights the dangeres of marginalising the problem on the part of public and the public´s uvwillingness to cooperate in finding solution. It describes individual aspects, risk factors and the progress and position of children in society and their rights within the law. It also emphasisis the the importance of prevention. Finally it discusses foster and adoptive care options. Also under discussion is the issue of the use of physical punishment in the upbringing of children.
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Methods and approaches in prevention of risk factors in the first degree of basic schools
HANOUSKOVÁ, Miloslava
V teoretické části diplomové práce jsem se zabývala rizikovými faktory, které mohou přecházet v poruchy chování u dětí v období školní docházky. Dále jsem zpracovala metodiku, která je s touto problematikou spjatá a uvedla možnosti přístupů, které lze v preventivních aktivitách využít. Nejedná se pouze o aktivity směřující k dětem a mládeži, ale i o přístupy směrem k pedagogům, rodičům a široké veřejnosti. Snažila jsem se vždy zdůraznit to, co je pro školní prostředí nejúčinnější. Nechybí ani názorné příklady.
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Breast cancer
Gablerová, Pavlína ; Střítecký, Rudolf (advisor) ; Križan, Karol (referee)
In this work the topic of breast cancer treated more generally and mainly focused on risk factors for the development. The theoretical part describes the general knowledge about breast cancer as a stage or treatment. The practical part is to have clarified the risk factors that have some bearing on the diagnosis of breast cancer. What level are involved in the probability of occurrence? Can we eliminate them? As a comparison of risk factors examined in the Czech Republic, England, Australia and the United States.
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