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The conventional imaging techniques in radiology with a view to the musculosceletar system (the educational program)
NEUMANN, Petr
This paper provides information on the role of an X-ray technician in conventional imaging techniques in musculoskeletal system affections. An X-ray technician is expected to provide imaging of the demanded part of human body at least on the level of diagnostic acceptability while all principles of radiation protection, ethic rules, and the rights of a patient are respected. The first part of the paper describes the formation and creation of an X-ray image, it provides a short history and describes the X-ray equipment needed to provide a quality imaging of musculoskeletal system. In the next part the description of imaging techniques is given in dependance on the demand of the indicating physician and also of the folowing medical treatment when, in many cases, the assistence of an X-ray technician is necessary. Better training and information of the the X-ray technician result in higher quality care for patients, in better communication between the personnel and the patients and it may also result in decrease of radiation charge of patients while a high quality of imaging is preserved. In the conlusion of the paper mistakes in imaging are shown that arose from poor communication between the physician and the X-ray technician, ignorance of the therapeutic procedure by the X-ray technician respectively. The false X-ray images are taken from a file of patients who were treated in the radiodiagnostic department of Oblastní nemocnice Kolín, a.s. in the period from 1st January 2007 to 30th June 2007. They were diagnosed with hip joint affection or affection of proximal part of femur.
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The atomic law and its application for utilization of significant X-ray sources (skiagraphy workplaces)
MAŠKOVÁ, Zuzana
In my thesis I dealt with the Atomic act and its application for important source of ionizing radiation at skiagraphy workplace. I worked out factual requirements of related legislation in order to obtain the licence of the State Office for Nuclear Safety for using an important source of ionizing radiation, to be specific, skiagraphic device in medical workplaces. Further, I worked out the real duties of permission holder and the requirements to ensure the radiation protection of patients and staff service. The aim of my thesis was to ease the orientation in contemporary legislation to the applicants for ``permission on treatment with important sources of ionizing radiation``, to give information how to proceed in elaboration of documents required for separate licensed activities and how to eliminate ossible insufficiencies and faults which are the most common in State Office for Nuclear Safety checking.
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Monitoring and comparison of radiation dose of patient and physician during examination of brain arteries with single plane (conventional) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and biplane DSA
SLAVÍKOVÁ, Jana
In experimental part I deal with measurement of radiation dose of the staff and patients in angiography examination of brain arteries.I compare the measurements with the use of single plane and biplane DSA and radiation dose of patients. The measurement was carried out with Siemens Axiom Artis Biplane machines at radiodiagnostic department in"Na Homolce"hospital. For the calculation of dose the programme Effdose version was chosen. I also compare measurement in physicians during angiography examination at radiodiagnostic department in České Budějovice hospital and in {\clqq}Na Homolce" hospital in Prague. For these purposes electronic personal dosimeters EPD Mk2 ( Siemens firm) were used. All results were worked out into graphic charts for better clarity.In the end of my work the proposals and measures, how to reduce radiation dose which is necessary in these angiography examinations, are described.
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RADIATION PROTECTION OF PATIENT WITH USING INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY (ImRT) {--} DOSIMETRIC VERIFICATION OF TREATMENT PLAN.
KLEČKOVÁ, Naděžda
Nowadays more and more radiotherapy departments use intensity modulated beams for treatment of patients. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (ImRT) is able to modificate intensity of radiation across the iradiated field. In this way it is posible to achieve better dose conformity than in conventional radiotherapy. Implementation of ImRT allows us to escalate dose to target volume with same side effects of organs at risk as in conventional radiotherapy or to reduce normal tissue complication - decrease dose to organ at risk with the same tumour dose. This fact reguires extension of our guality system to all network of delivery dose to patients, inclusive linear accelerator with multileaf collimator, treatment planning system, electronic portal imaging device and so on. Quality assurance is guaranteed both periodical user tests and independent verification of The State Office for Nuclear Safety. The aim of this work is finding the optimal and effective way for the verification treatment plans, determining criteria for evaluation measured results, proposing summary all aspects of radiation protection patients which are treate ionisation beams with intensity modulated radiotherapy. The optimization one of the principles of radiation protection will be provided by routin verification treatment plans.
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Monitoring of the carbon-14 in the gaseous releases from the Temelín NPP and its environmental distribution
VALÁŠEK, Michal
This work deals with monitoring of the radiocarbon in the gaseous effluents from the Temelín nuclear power plant and its distribution in the environment. The reader should gain a comprehensive image about level of radiocarbon monitoring in ventilation systems in the Temelín nuclear power plant and in the surrounding environment. The work is divided into several parts. Some basic information of physics, chemistry and radiobiology relating to radiocarbon are given in the first part. The origin of radiocarbon in VVER reactor, its pathway to gaseous releases and then to carbon cycle in the environment are described there too. This introductory part continues with description of monitoring methods used in ventilation systems of the Temelín nuclear power plant and in the surrounding environment. Summary of Czech Republic legislation related to radiation protection is stated. The aim of the work and hypothesis are set in the second part. In the third part there are methods used to fulfil the aim of the work. The results in the form of tables and graphs are in the fourth part. In the following part there is a discussion of summarized data and results. Developed findings are summarized in the last part of this work.
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Protection of workers, inhabitants and environment during mining and processing of uranium ore
PILECKÁ, Eliška
In the Czech republic uranium had been mined in Jáchymov (till 1967), near Příbram (1948 {--} 1991), in Okrouhlá Radouň in the south of Bohemia (1972 {--} 1990), near Vítkov in the west of Bohemia (till 1991), in Zadní Chodov (till 1992), in Dyleň (till 1994), in Hamr and Křížany near Stráž under Ralsko (till 1990), in Zálesí in Rychlebské Mountain and in many other locations. The mining of uranium influenced in considerable way health and quality of miners´ lives, and also lives of their relatives and up to now it still influencing quality of lives of people living near mining locations. Above all the uranium industry made irreparable changes in our country and the leftovers are up to now influencing the quality of our environment. That´s why there is a must to pay special attention to this area. Nowadays in the Czech republic there is registered around 3768 old uranium mines, out of it there is 2523 mining cannons which are obliged to be regularly controlled. The negative influences are marked as old burdens of already eliminated mining or modificating act on our environment or in some other way threatening public interests. According to the character of negative expression we distinguish mining burdens, it means negative influence of mining activity on stableness of the surface, and ecological burdens, it means negative influence on our environment. In my opinion a matter of uranium industry is very rarely known to the wide public. The main reason why is it like this can be the fact that in the period of main expansion of uranium industry in the Czech republic all the information connected to the research, mining or maintaining of uranium, were top secret. The second reason can be no existence of complete source of information that could be used for study purposes and the same time for informing general public. That is why this study should purvey such source.
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The thoracic and lumbar spine injury - role of imaging modalities in diagnostic and therapy
DOLEŽALOVÁ, Martina
This article provides information about thoracic and lumbar spine injury with reflection to the role of radiologic assistants. Spine injury belongs to the most serious injuries and its incidence is rising. These injuries are diagnosed using imaging methods like plain X-ray, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Radiologic assistant himself is the person, who is responsible for the correct examination. If these injuries are treated surgically, radiologic assistant meets them at operating theatres too. Here the assistant manipulates with fluoroscopy machines and helps the operator with procedure navigation. Important is that the radiologic assistant should know all the steps of each procedure and should take care of radiation protection. If the procedure is done inadequately, the patient can be misdiagnosed and the radiation dose for him and for the staff may be increased. Since 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006, 84 patients (48 women, 36 men) were hospitalised at the Neurosurgery departement of University Hospital Hradec Králové under diagnosis of thoracic or lumbar spine fracture. The age, frequency of vertebral fractures in thoracic and lumbar region and percentual use of various therapeutic methods are noted. But the most important aim of the study are imaging methods used in these patients and mistakes done during these examinations.
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Asimilace časoprostorového rozložení radionuklidů v časné fázi radiační nehody
Hofman, Radek ; Šmídl, Václav
Exploitation of the data assimilation methodology in the early phase of radiation accident is studied. When radioactive pollutants are released into the atmosphere, a radioactive plume is passing over the terrain. The released radioactive material causes pathway-specific irradiation which has detrimental effects on population health. In order to ensure efficiency of introduced countermeasures, it is necessary to predict spatial and temporal distribution of the aerial pollution and material already deposited on the ground. The predictions are made by the means of a numerical dispersion model with many inputs. Output of such a model is a prediction of radiation situation given in terms of radiological quantities. Exact values of the inputs are uncertain due to the stochastic nature of the dispersion, lack of accurate information, etc. Their subjective choice can introduce significant errors into the predictions and thus decrease the positive impact of the countermeasures.
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Aplikace pokročilých statistických metod v odhadu pozdních fázý nukleárních nehod
Hofman, Radek
The paper presents a new methodology for improving of estimates of radiological situation on terrain in the late phase of a nuclear accident. Methods of Bayesian filtering are applied to the problem. The estimates are based on combination of modeled and measured data provided by responsible authorities. Exploiting information on uncertainty of both the data sources, we are able to produce improved estimate of the true situation on terrain. We also attempt to account for model error, which is unknown and plays crucial role in accuracy of the estimates. The main contribution of this paper is application of an approach based on advanced statistical methods, which allows for estimating of model error covariance structure upon measurements. Model error is estimated on basis of measured-minus-observed residuals evaluated upon measured and modeled values. The methodology is demonstrated on a sample scenario with simulated measurements.
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