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Studium genetické struktury a diverzity různých populací dravců (Falconiformes)
Bryndová, Marta
The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the genetic variability in different populations of birds of prey in the Czech Republic. As an alternative source, the feathers were used for the extraction of DNA. The reference species were chosen the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), which was also compared with the subpopulation living in Slovakia. Ten microsatellite markers from the literature were tested. Polymorphism of markers varied significantly, locus NVH fp5 was the least polymorphic (PIC = 0.185 F. p; PIC = 0.119 F. ch.). Null alleles were observed in this locus in the Peregrine Falcon population, that is why it should be discarded from the microsatellite panel. The genetic diversity was low among subpopulations of the Peregrine Falcon. FST for the population living in the captivity and living in the wild was 0.025. In the case of the Saker Falcon subpopulation living in Slovakia showed moderate genetic diversity values (0.185 for the subpopulation living in the captivity and 0.126 for the subpopulation living in the wild in the Czech Republic). All subpopulations (except museum specimens of the Saker Falcon) were in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium. Gene flow was higher among subpopulations of the Peregrine Falcon than the Saker Falcon, where the other population from the different geographical area was also included. 454 sequencing revealed 3 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Peregrine Falcons, 2 of Saker Falcons and 2 of Gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus). The longest sizes were 16,154 bp for the Saker Falcon, 17,239 bp for Gyrfalcon and 17,527 bp for the Peregrine Falcon. Sequence of the Peregrine Falcon was inserted into the Genbank database under accession number JX029991. Whole genome mitochondrial DNA sequences of Saker Falcons and Gyrfalcons have never been published, that is why it will be the part of the new manuscript.
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Populačně genetická struktura pstruha obecného jako základ úspěšného obhospodařování lososových vod ve střední Evropě
KOHOUT, Jan
The genetic structure of 25 wild populations and five hatchery stocks from Czech Republic and Slovakia were analysed using mitochondrial (control region) and nuclear DNA (microsatellites, LDH-C1*) markers to elucidate the impact of stocking on central European populations of brown trout and to outline further management strategies. It seems that stocking practices have caused massive hybridisation between the Atlantic and Danube brown trout populations in the middle Danube basin and have led to a loss of among-population genetic variability in Slovakia and Moravia. Certain effect of stocking was detected also in the upper Danube, Vistula, Oder and Elbe River basins. However, the populations from the Elbe River basin keep certain level of among-population variability and seem to be less affected by stocking in comparison with the Danube River basin populations. There are some indications of late or post-Pleistocene penetration of the Atlantic basin trout to the Danube River basin. However, it is not clear to which extent the natural contact participated to the present distribution of Atlantic haplotypes and alleles in the Danube River basin. Samples from lower parts of the Danube River basin were therefore analysed using the same mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Samples from Aegean Sea basin were included in order to reveal genetic variability of eastern Balkan populations and to estimate an impact of stocking in this area. Very low levels of introgression from Atlantic and other non-indigenous trout were found in the eastern Balkan populations. The genetic differentiation among the populations is substantially higher in this area compared to the central European populations. The populations in headwaters of the Otava River (Elbe River basin) were analysed using microsatellites in order to reveal origin of these populations and evaluate the current management strategies of brown trout in Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape Area. The analysed populations were substantially differentiated from the remaining Elbe River basin populations and there was also certain level of genetic structure within trout from the headwaters of the Otava River associated with isolation by a migration barrier and geographic distance. However, stocking with hatchery trout also contributed to the pattern of genetic variability. The population of Borová Lada hatchery, which is used for stocking in Šumava exhibited higher genetic variability compared to the wild populations and it seems to be of heterogeneous origin. Comparisons of the analysed populations with populations from other areas and results from other studies indicated that mtDNA haplotypes from the lower Danube River and southern Black Sea basins differ considerably from a subclade of the Danubian lineage consisting of haplotypes found so far in the most of the Danube River basin and in the Caspian and Aral Sea basins. The results thus evidence a complex evolutionary history of brown trout in the southern and western parts of the Black Sea basin.
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Population genetics of two endangered fritillary butterflies in the Moravian Carpathians
LEŠTINA, Dan
Annotation Populations of two sympatric large fritillary species, the High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis adippe) and the Niobe Fritillary (A. niobe), were studied using microsatellite markers to assess and compare potential population subdivision in a relatively preserved landscape of the Czech part of the Carpathians. The results are confronted with data obtained from a smaller-scale mark-release-recapture study, with species? known life histories and namely with their conservation status, all of which is also considered in explaining the obtained patterns of genetic diversity.
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Small terrestrial mammals along natural and anthropogenic landscape barriers
BOHDAL, Tomáš
The dissertation summarises the result of the study of small terrestrial mammals (Eulipotyphla, Rodentia) along natural (watercourses) and anthropogenic (road, highway) landscape barriers. It points to an interesting phenomenon of road drainage ditches as a transitional migration environment, further it assesses the level of locomotion activity, the rate of structure of subpopulations and the frequency of crossing watercourses in the case of selected rodent species. It contributes with its results to solving problems concerning the effect of these landscape structures on the species diversity, ground mobility or genetic structure of small terrestrial mammals. ˙˙˙˙
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