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Populačně genetická struktura pstruha obecného jako základ úspěšného obhospodařování lososových vod ve střední Evropě
KOHOUT, Jan
The genetic structure of 25 wild populations and five hatchery stocks from Czech Republic and Slovakia were analysed using mitochondrial (control region) and nuclear DNA (microsatellites, LDH-C1*) markers to elucidate the impact of stocking on central European populations of brown trout and to outline further management strategies. It seems that stocking practices have caused massive hybridisation between the Atlantic and Danube brown trout populations in the middle Danube basin and have led to a loss of among-population genetic variability in Slovakia and Moravia. Certain effect of stocking was detected also in the upper Danube, Vistula, Oder and Elbe River basins. However, the populations from the Elbe River basin keep certain level of among-population variability and seem to be less affected by stocking in comparison with the Danube River basin populations. There are some indications of late or post-Pleistocene penetration of the Atlantic basin trout to the Danube River basin. However, it is not clear to which extent the natural contact participated to the present distribution of Atlantic haplotypes and alleles in the Danube River basin. Samples from lower parts of the Danube River basin were therefore analysed using the same mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Samples from Aegean Sea basin were included in order to reveal genetic variability of eastern Balkan populations and to estimate an impact of stocking in this area. Very low levels of introgression from Atlantic and other non-indigenous trout were found in the eastern Balkan populations. The genetic differentiation among the populations is substantially higher in this area compared to the central European populations. The populations in headwaters of the Otava River (Elbe River basin) were analysed using microsatellites in order to reveal origin of these populations and evaluate the current management strategies of brown trout in Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape Area. The analysed populations were substantially differentiated from the remaining Elbe River basin populations and there was also certain level of genetic structure within trout from the headwaters of the Otava River associated with isolation by a migration barrier and geographic distance. However, stocking with hatchery trout also contributed to the pattern of genetic variability. The population of Borová Lada hatchery, which is used for stocking in Šumava exhibited higher genetic variability compared to the wild populations and it seems to be of heterogeneous origin. Comparisons of the analysed populations with populations from other areas and results from other studies indicated that mtDNA haplotypes from the lower Danube River and southern Black Sea basins differ considerably from a subclade of the Danubian lineage consisting of haplotypes found so far in the most of the Danube River basin and in the Caspian and Aral Sea basins. The results thus evidence a complex evolutionary history of brown trout in the southern and western parts of the Black Sea basin.
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Population genetics of two endangered fritillary butterflies in the Moravian Carpathians
LEŠTINA, Dan
Annotation Populations of two sympatric large fritillary species, the High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis adippe) and the Niobe Fritillary (A. niobe), were studied using microsatellite markers to assess and compare potential population subdivision in a relatively preserved landscape of the Czech part of the Carpathians. The results are confronted with data obtained from a smaller-scale mark-release-recapture study, with species? known life histories and namely with their conservation status, all of which is also considered in explaining the obtained patterns of genetic diversity.
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Small terrestrial mammals along natural and anthropogenic landscape barriers
BOHDAL, Tomáš
The dissertation summarises the result of the study of small terrestrial mammals (Eulipotyphla, Rodentia) along natural (watercourses) and anthropogenic (road, highway) landscape barriers. It points to an interesting phenomenon of road drainage ditches as a transitional migration environment, further it assesses the level of locomotion activity, the rate of structure of subpopulations and the frequency of crossing watercourses in the case of selected rodent species. It contributes with its results to solving problems concerning the effect of these landscape structures on the species diversity, ground mobility or genetic structure of small terrestrial mammals. ˙˙˙˙
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Breeding of genetic resource Bohemian Red cattle at the University Agricultural Enterprise, SBU in České Budějovice
ŤOUPALOVÁ, Michaela
At the turn of the 19th century a Czech red cattle, the breed, which was in our conditions bred a long time ago, was crossbreeding with a simen{\crq}s bull. Czech red cattle were gradually decreasing until now, when it is at the critical limit. At the 1991, in Department of Genetics, Breeding and Nutrition, at Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, has begun regeneration of this rare, for our conditions original, breed. The Process of Bulls absorptive breeding of Czech red cattle has begun. Czech red cattle have by now more then 162 pcs. There are kept 43 head of cattle in the case of breeding under warranty ČZU Prague. JČU in Č.Budějovice has got 119 individuals under its guarantee, of which 60 is kept on the school farm Haklovy Dvory. At research was analyses data about growth and development of calves breeding without market production of milk and Data of cow milk efficiency breeding for milk production at stable manner. The highest milk yield was achieved at 173 days lactation. The Total quantity was 1 469 kg of milk. The highest average content of milk fat was 3,80 %, and content of milk protein was 3,52 %. Index of growth and development was calculated on age 120 {--} 210 days. Average weight of 4 cows at the age of 120 days was 114kg. The highest increase of weight was noticed at a bull {--} calf and was 934 g. Average weights of 2 pcs. on unified age 210 days was 221kg. The highest growth was achieved at a heifer with its 1 038g. Meanwhile analysis of genetic structure of population has begun and on the basis of results was characterized number of locusts and microsatellites at given population. Genotyping of locusts for DGAT, GH, b {--} LG, PRL, IGF BP3, PIT1, BLAD, LEP, DUMPS, b {--} CN, kappa casein, beta casein und ALFA S1 casein was performed in the set of 272 animals. Frequency was observed in microsatellites RM 012, BOVCASK 35, BOVIRP, BTO BCAM, BOVPAI, BOVSEMRN, SRC 97, IGF BP3, CSS 004, IDVG A - 9, BM 6117, BM 148, BM 4621,BM 6438, BM 2113, BM 1824, BPA, BMS1658, INRA 107, INRA 23, ETH 3, ETH 225, ETH 10, TGLA 122, TGLA 126 and TGLA 227.
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Genetic variation and differentiation of the Eurasian reed warbler \kur{(Acrocephalus scirpaceus)}
FAINOVÁ, Drahomíra
Eurasian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) is a long-distance migrant wintering in sub-Saharan Africa and breeding in reedbeds of the Western Palaearctic. European populations migrate in two main directions (SW and SE). Though there is little morphological variation across the breeding range, Asian populations are traditionally separated from the nominate subspecies as the subspecies fuscus. My aim was to explore genetic differentiation among Eurasian Reed Warbler populations in respect to the factors which may have influenced the genetic diversity and divergence of the populations, such as a migratory divide, high migratory connectivity or isolation by distance. I used samples of 495 individuals from 36 populations across the breeding range using microsatellites. Pairwaise fixation indexes FST showed significant differences among populations from the Iberian peninsula, Finland and the Middle East and the rest of populations. Exact tests of differentiation did not confirm non-random distribution between pairs of populations. Overall FST was statistical significant but very small (FST = 0,018). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 98% of variation was ascribable to variability of allele frequencies within populations. On the other hand, differences between populations contributed to overall variation with only 2%. Isolation by distance showed only weak relationship between geographical and genetic distances. Main analysis using Bayesian clustering approach implemented in software Structure 2.2. detected no genetic structure of population. Sampled Eurasian Reed Warbler populations seem to form one genetic population. Relatively low genetic diversification indicates large dispersal potential of the studied Reed Warbler populations, when gene flow successfully counters differentiation of population irrespective of large breeding area and high migrate connectivity between breeding and wintering area.
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