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Smoking in EU Countries
TREFANCOVÁ, Petra
Many cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are linked to tobacco use. It is the largest avoidable health risk in Europe,causing more problems than alcohol, drugs, high blood pressure, excess weight or high cholesterol. Every year in the EU, as many as 650 000 Europeans die prematurely of tobacco-related causes. It is estimated that, in terms of negative economic impact, smoking costs the EU countries at least ?100 billion. The goal of the thesis is to monitor prevalence of smoking in EU countries. It also deals with efficiency measures for protection against tobacco. The thesis deals with the issue of smoking in historical terms. It also deals in terms of health risks and it describes the measure of EU countries in the fight against smoking. The main part of this thesis is a research, which includes a prevalance of smoking among adults and adolescents, the development of lung cancer mortality and cigarette consumption in each EU country.
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The Problem of Nicotinism at Primary Schools in České Budějovice Region
TVAROHOVÁ, Zdeňka
Abstract More and more young people, also children, are using tobacco products. It is serious patological phenomenon which can effect not only person using the tobacco products, but also the whole society. Using tobacco products causes serious health hazard and diseases, which are usually irreversible. Smoking tobacco is very spread in Czech republic as much as drinking alcohol. Both these phenomenons are tolerated by the society. Society has a big influence on everyone of us and it is very important to prepare healthy environment for curious and inexperienced children. The target of my work is to map the age and motivation factors of the first use of tobacco products, frequency and range of using and attitude towards the smoking. I also target on prevention in schools. Based on the studied materials I stated hypothesis concerning the age of using, realised prevention in schools and ratio between male and female smokers. I used technique of anonymous inquiries. Inquiry was checked by pre-research on which I examined functionality and fullness of the inquiry. Hypothesis {\clqq}I assume that more than half of under age (younger than 15 years) used tobacco products`` was confirmed by the answers in my inquiry. Hypothesis ``I assume that male smokers are more often{\crqq} wasn{\crq}t confirmed. There is 3% more smoking females than males. Hypothesis {\clqq}I assume that realised prevention in school was after the first experience with tobacco and is there for useless`` was also confirmed. It can be presumed of the fact that 17% of the informants didn{\crq}t answer the question, 3% answered ``I don{\crq}t know{\crqq} and 8% answered that they never received any warnings of health riscs in the school. Informants were chosen from two primary schools. Inquiried were total of 203 informants from 6th to 9th grades from ZŠ Kubatova in České Budějovice (91 pupils) and ZŠ Trhové Sviny (112 pupils). Age of the first experience with tobacco products is getting lower, because this inquiry confirmed that average age of the first experience was at 10,9 year of children{\crq}s age. That is why I maintain how important is to prepare complex view of nikotinism problem on primary schools.
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Smoking in nurses
SÝKOROVÁ, Ivana
The aim of the bachelor work to map out the nicotinism occurrence among nurses who have deep knowledge of smoking risk. The research was made by an anonymous questionnaire in the hospitals of the District of Pilsen. It results from the research that the found out prevalence of smoking among nurses (47%) corresponds to the figures stated in the technical literature. The knowledge and awareness of the harmfulness of smoking and the ethic level of nurses proved to be unsatisfactory.
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Prevalence of smoking according to education
JELÍNKOVÁ, Lucie
This dissertation deals with the issue of smoking. Its practical part specifies several objectives, one of them being finding out whether the prevalence of smoking within the population is dependant upon the attained qualifications. Establishing the respondents{\crq} views on the harm of smoking is another goal. The approach of the respondents towards a smoking ban in restaurants is demonstrated in this dissertation, so is their awareness of quitting-smoking methods. The decision to give up is also affected by the knowledge and understanding of all the risks bred by smoking, therefore determining the level of the respondents{\crq} awareness of these health risks is another aim of this dissertation. A quantitative research was used in my dissertation to obtain results. A questionnaire of 18 questions was answered by 211 addressed respondents being in the age group of 45-60 years of age. Analysing the outcome it can be said that the prevalence of smoking within the population is not dependant upon the attained qualifications. Nicotine dependence is referred to as a disease therefore the risk of developing an addiction is the same for everyone irrespective of the qualifications accomplished. Nonetheless, the outcome manifests the fact that smokers with lower qualifications smoke a higher amount of cigarettes a day as opposed to smokers with higher qualifications. Considering the results it can be, furthermore, assumed that smokers with lower qualifications are more tolerant towards the nicotine addiction and they feel less unpleasant in a smoky environment. Moreover, their favour for a smoking ban in restaurants and at working places is lower. At the same time, their awareness of possibilities to treat their nicotine addiction as well as of the negative health effects of smoking proved to be lower. Most smokers would like to quit their nicotine addiction (app. 50% lower- qualified individuals and 72% university and college graduates). However, only a very small percentage would seek any professional help when giving up smoking. The unwillingness to treat the nicotine addiction with the help of an expert reflects the unawareness of the severity of such addiction by the smokers themselves. Therefore, the prevention aimed at non-smokers is as important as effecting smokers so that they become more aware of the seriousness and vast consequences of their addiction.
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Smoking prevalence in students of the Faculty of Health and Social Studies, the University of South Bohemia.
SLAVÍČKOVÁ, Klára
Smoking is becoming a huge problem not only in the Czech Republic but in all developed countries of the world. It is thus worldwide pandemics, which is necessary to take precautions against. Although the smoking prevalence in middle aged men and women is decreasing, it is increasing in both sexes of younger age groups. Especially, the big problem is occasional as well as regular smoking since the age of ten already. This exactly increases the importance of smoking prevalence. Significant role is played by the healthy life style education which should be provided by a family as well as the school educational system. In smokers there is a higher risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; smokers have also higher inclination toward the onset of cancer than non-smokers. The most serious is bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis was processed by a quantitative way using questionnaires. The research groups were the students of full-time study in the Faculty of Health and Social Studies, the University of South Bohemia. The main objective was to map the occurrence of smoking in students in selected study programmes of the faculty. I stated three hypotheses for the research. Hypothesis 1, students of the faculty are addicted to nicotine and are not satisfied with their addiction, was proved. Hypothesis 2, smokers prevail non-smokers in the group of investigated students, was not proved. Hypothesis 3, students do not lack information on smoking harmfulness, was proved. The research showed that 41.1% women and 40% men suffer from middle addiction to nicotine. The thesis should serve as an information source for the students and lecturers of the faculty and further it might initiate the establishment of the faculty anti-smoking clinic.
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Smoking of senior Citizens
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Linda
This thesis deals with "Smoking of senior Citizens". Smoking of tobacco is the most significant reason of illnesses and early death in the Czech Republic. Reduction of smoking is a basic condition for decrease of deaths caused by tumour and cardiac diseases.The goal of the thesis is to monitor prevalence of smoking in senior citizens and detect their awareness of smoking. 206 respondents at the age of sixty and above paricipated in this research. 50 % of these people vrote that they had never snoked. 20 % of informants were active smokers, at the time of this survey, and 55 % of senior citizens wrote that they considered nicotine addiction to be a disease.The author tries to verify the hypothesis concerning smoking of senior citizens who suffer from chronic disease. 44 % of the respondents, who were active smokers at the time of the survey, suffered from chronic disease. The researcher uses the next hypothesis because she wants to confirm the fact that senior citizens have a positive attitude to prohibition of smoking in the restaurants and in public areas. The research verified this hypothesis - 72 % of the informants had a positive attitude to prohibition of smoking in public.
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Smoking - The Current Treatment Possibilities of Nicotine Addiction
CHYTILOVÁ, Monika
In comparison with other countries the Czech Republic has a relatively high prevalence of tobacco smoking. What is alarming is the growing number of 15-year-olds who smoke at least one cigarette a week. While in 1997 to 1998 this comprised 22% of boys and 18 % of girls, in 2001 to 2002 this figure had increased to almost 29% of boys and 31% of girls. Around 30 % of adults in this country are smokers, yet 70 % of these, i.e. around one and a half people, want to quit. Very few of them are successful without adequate therapy. This is also the reason why in 2008 a total of six tobacco addiction treatment centres were established.So far we have no accurate economic data relating to the costs of treating smoking and other health complications which result from smoking. There is, however, no reason to assume that these figures would be particularly different from those for other European countries. Some health insurance companies are aware of the high costs of treating smoking-related illnesses and are actively providing financial and non-financial support to those wishing to quit.The aim of this bachelor{\crq}s thesis was to determine how well-informed the population is as regards the options for treating nicotine addiction; also to map out the most common reasons that lead smokers to quit. In this work I have used the anonymous questionnaire technique to investigate this issue. A total of 100 people over the age of 15 were questioned. Hypothesis 1 assumes that the majority of the population knows about at least one way of treating nicotine addiction. Hypothesis 2 assumes that the majority of the population, if they smoke or if they were to smoke, would first seek expert advice from their GP. Hypothesis 3 assumes that the most important motive for stopping smoking is to save money.This work can be used as the basis for further bachelor{\crq}s or diploma theses on a similar topic, or to supplement courses at ZSF JU University in České Budějovice.
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