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Gasseous effluents of 14C from NPP Temelín
JANOVSKÝ, Daniel
Within the presented thesis there were collected data of effluents of 14C chemical forms from ventilation stacks of the Unit 1, the Unit 2 and the Auxiliary Building of the Temelin NPP for the period from 2001 to 2006. These data are compared to power of both reactors and concentration of ammonium ions in coolant of the primary circuit of the Unit 1 and Unit 2.
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Nuclear tests and their implications for public health and environmental quality
FABIÁN, Lubomír
The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of past nuclear testing and draw some conclusions regarding its potential implications on public health. The introduction presents all kinds of nuclear tests, the history of nuclear testing with respect to particular countries, provides the description of the kinds of ionizing radiation and protection against it as well as the biological effects of ionizing radiation on tissue. There is a part devoted to international treaties in this field ? The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, The Threshold Test Ban Treaty and The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The summary of the number, the yield and the geographical distribution of the past atmospheric nuclear tests follows. There is an explanation of the global fallout mechanism of the radionuclides released, the estimates of emitted doses and the relationship between these doses and their probability of inducing cancer in the human body. The objective of this work is to make an assessment of the contribution of doses originating from nuclear testing to total population doses (irradiation) and subsequently quantify health implications for the population. The method of achieving this is based on calculating theoretical estimation of cancer incidence from known effective doses commitments and in comparison with those real incidences raised by all the different sources and reasons in world areas chosen, derived from the statistical data gathered from scientific studies and publications of international organizations involved. The outcome of this work is the confirmation of the first hypothesis that nuclear testing has statistic impact on enhancing the frequency of cancer disorders on the world population; however this is relatively small with respect to the other sources of radiation and a rate of naturally spontaneous (non-radiation-induced) cancer occurrence. Also the second hypothesis that underground nuclear tests have significantly smaller influence on public health and environment quality than the other kinds of nuclear tests is acknowledged.
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Independent monitoring of Nuclear power plant Temelin environs by Regional centrum of SONS České Budějovice. Project of independent monitoring NPPTE in the case of Emergency incident.
ZEMAN, Karel
The State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) and the National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) are involved in independent monitoring of surrounding areas of nuclear power plants (NPPs), in accordance with the Czech legislative requirements (Decree No. 319/2002 Coll. on radiation monitoring network (RMS), as amended by Decree No. 27/2006 Coll.). The monitoring includes surveillance of environmental samples, in which radionuclides can be detected in case of emergency event, i.e. radioactivity release from the NPP. Another part of the monitoring is measurement of photon dose equivalent, continuously in the air (early detection network - SVZ) or using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) placed in SONS monitoring points in the NPP vicinity. Environmental sampling and evaluation of photon dose equivalent in the air is carried out in regular intervals. The 137Cs and 131I activity is measured by gamaspectrometry method used with Gamat evaluation program, according to SONS internal procedure (VDMI). Tritium activity in surface water is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometer Beta TriCarb made by Canberra Packard Company, according to methodology CSN ISO 9698 (757635). Evaluation of dose equivalent rate is carried out continuously by LB 6360 proportional probe and LB 6500-3 Geiger-Muller tube located in RC Building in Ceske Budejovice. TLD evaluation is carried out by NRPI laboratory in Prague and the results are sent to SONS RC Ceske Budejovice. Goal of this work is to provide a set of results of the independent monitoring in surrounding areas of Temelin NPP (ETE) carried out between 1999 and 2009, by determination of volume, mass or surface activity of environmental samples (137Cs and 131I) and spot samples of water (3H) taken from SONS monitoring points near ETE . The set of such results should provide a baseline reference values for normal (pre-accident) situations. Additionally, based on the long term of the ETE surrounding surveillance, it can be shown that the ETE operation represents no threat to the health of the critical population group, and that the radiation situation in the ETE surrounding is stable. It can be also shown that the ETE operator meets requirements and conditions of authorized limits for discharging radionuclides into the environment. Procedures and method of independent environmental monitoring in the ETE surrounding during emergency events can be proposed on the basis of many years of experience with proven methodologies, experience with sampling locations, staffing and organization of measurement.
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Development of the Nuclear Medicine Field of Study (Didactic Programme)
BUČEK, František
The bachelor thesis explores the development of nuclear medicine in Czechoslovakia. The thesis recalls its present well-known specialists as well as founders of the field including the contemporaries Doc. MUDr. Bohuslav Vavrejn, Csc. and Prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Dienstbier, DrSc. whose memories were also used as resources by the author. The thesis describes the beginings of nuclear medicine in Czechoslovakia {--} the first application of radiopharmaceutical agents, creation of specialized centres, and becoming independent of the field upon approval of its first concept in 1964. This work also mentions problems initially dealt with by the field in terms of apparatus-based technical equipment, radiopharmaceutical agents and education. The foundation of the Czech Society for Nuclear Medicine is described, as well as cooperation with foreign institutions. Information on apparatus-based technical equipment import from abroad is included, particularly of the companies Nuclear Chicago and Picker, and also domestic production ranging from prototypes to serial production at research institutes or enterprises that included, for example, the Research Institute of Nuclear Technical Apparatuses Přemyšlení, TESLA Vráble, TESLA Brno and METRA Blansko. The bachelor thesis furthermore provides brief characteristics of radiopharmaceutical agents and a summary of present as well as no more used examination methods in nuclear medicine. Problems related to their initial use are described. Radiopharmaceutical agents were imported as early as in 1949 for the first time from France. Domestic production of radioisotopes began in Czechoslovakia at the end of the 50ies of the past century, located at Řež u Prahy. The thesis moreover outlines the concept of the field and legislation it is governed by. Individual types of centres are described, as well as educational requirements for the personnel. In conclusion, advantages of the field are assessed, its close relationship with new technical knowledge and development of apparatuses, such as the hybrid imaging devices PET/CT, SPECT/CT and molecular imaging. The thesis has also been adapted to an e-learning version where information contained in its written form are presented closer schematically and expanded upon for those interested.
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Awareness and attitudes of Mydlovary residents resulting from risks of radioactivity leak from the former uranium ore processing plant MAPE Mydlovary
HUSOVÁ, Iva
In South Bohemia, near the Czech town of České Budějovice, in close vicinity of municipalities of Mydlovary, Nákří, Olešník, Zahájí and Dívčice, there are 286 ha of uranium tailings impoundments, along with the former uranium ore processing plant known as MAPE Mydlovary. Althought this company terminated its operation in 1991, significant tailings impoundments contaminants, such as dust, radon emissions and gamma radiation are being found here. Nevertheless, radon emissions still represent a risk to the population in the neighborhood and airborne radon poses a risk also to other areas. Therefore, residents in a wide neighbourhood have long been loaded with increased doses of radiation. The thesis deals with negative consequences of the former uranium ore processing plant MAPE Mydlovary on human health and also describes the process of clearing works in progress in the locality. In this thesis, the level of awareness of Mydlovary residents, their opinions and attitudes to the damaged area are also mentioned. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused first on a brief description and history of the former uranium ore plant, the consequences of the MAPE Mydlovary activities and associated risks (e.g. higher doses of radon), which put inhabitants of nearby villages under threat. The next section provides information on the residents´ attitudes to decontamination works performed at the site and associated problems. The practical part of this thesis is devoted to the research, the aim was to determine if and to what extent Mydlovary residents are aware of the potential damage to land, water, air, and a possible negative impact on their health. The research also provides information on the residents´ attitudes to decontamination works at the site and about the preferred usage of the damaged area after decontamination is completed. The research was conducted by addressing 73 residents of Mydlovary in the period from January to March 2010. The results prove a relatively high awareness of Mydlovary residents about negative effects of radioactive substances and hazardous contaminants on their health, and also point to a lack of the respondents´ awareness about decontamination works and outline the current worries of Mydlovary residents.
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Quality control and phantom scintillographic measurements to check the condition of data-visualisation equipment
BLÁHOVÁ, Jana
In its theoretical part, this work is concerned with the equipment and devices used within the nuclear-medicine quality assurance programme, in particular gamma-camera, as well as acceptance and operational tests the purpose of which is to verify parameter compliance in reference to the values determined during the equipment acceptance tests. Special attention is paid to the signal detection quality, activity measurement correctness and precision, the factors influencing the same and the measurement errors. To avoid incorrect interpretation of erroneous measurements results, continuous quality control is required for the instruments intended to detect ionising radiation. Another subject of the theoretical part is quality of the visualisation technique where the poor quality of the final image may result from incorrect setting and/or failures of the visualisation equipment. The final section of the theoretical part reviews the existing fixtures and radiation sources used in calibration and testing of the image properties of scintillation cameras {--} the so-called phantoms. The target of this work is verification of the basic parameters stability of two gamma-cameras and demonstration of the importance of regular scintillographic measurements for the medical examination quality. The practical part of this work is focused on comparison regarding parameter stability of two Siemens SPECT cameras, model E.CAM of different manufacturing dates. Subject to verification were the basic equipment parameters normally tested within the standard operation stability and quality assurance programmes. The measured values have been arranged in tables and shown in graphs, and subject to statistical processing. The results of this work will be used in working out the operational standards for the nuclear medicine department of Faculty Hospital in Lochotín in Plzeň, and may serve as reference data in decision on replacement of outdated equipment and devices.
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Radionuclides in the environment
LEVÝ, Leoš
Radionuclides occurring in the environment on Earth can be divided according to the mechanism of their origin into three main groups. Cosmogenic radionuclides are formed by continual cosmic radiation on the nuclei of stable elements especially in the upper levels of the atmosphere. Terrestrial radionuclides originate directly on our planet. The last group represent anthropogenic radionuclies which occur in the environment due to a controlled activity of man (e.g. nuclear plant outlets) or due to various accidents (the Cernobyl nuclear plant accident). For all mentioned radionuclides I give a description of their occurrence and concentration in the environment and their proportion on the total effective rate a man receives per year. Due to the fact that radon can represent up to 50 % of the total effective rate, it is dealt with in a special chapter. The paper aims at creating a unified overview of occurrence of radionuclides in the environment. To carry out this paper I presumed that there is an insufficient awareness in the inhabitants of the Czech Republic concerning this issue (lack of interest on the part of the population, reception of unverified, incomplete or misrepresented information from mass media or various interest groups). The questionnaire survey, the results of which are part of this paper, confirmed this premise and therefore it is possible to use this paper to improve the awareness concerning the dealt with issue.
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Possible Risks of Abuse of the Sources of Ionizing Radiation
ŠVECOVÁ, Kristýna
The abuse of ionizing radiation sources can be a tool in violent actions taken by terrorists, politicians or various groups with the aim to enforce their intentions. Ionizing radiation sources occur in many branches of human activities; they are important in medical care, industry, agriculture, space engineering, geology, archeology and many other spheres. The objective of my thesis is to familiarize the reader with the problems of radiological terrorism or even unaware abuse of ionizing radiation sources.
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Comparison of the gaseous and liquid releases of the Czech and world nuclear power plants
DOBEŠ, Petr
In this work, which deals with problematics of releases from nuclear power plants, I tried to make an overview of various types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes which are released through liquid and gasseous effluents. As a part of this comparison evaluation of czech and world nuclear power plants gaseous and liquid releases was made. Introductory part of this work contains information about different types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes, which are produced in their reactors. It continues with today{\crq}s legislative and information about releasing levels and methods and systems used for measurement of radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents from nuclear power plants. Second part of this work describes the aim of this work and hypothesis. Third part explains the methods, which were used for completing of this work. Fourth part contains results in the form of tables and graphs. Fifth part represents discussion of the results. Last part is a summarization of the results.
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Determination of volume activity of gamma nuclide in environmental samples and assessment of influence of NPP Temelin on actual measured activity
DAVIDOVÁ, Lenka
In this thesis I target the assesment of a volume activity of gamma ray nuclides in the environment and the examination of the operation the Nuclear Power Station (NPS) Temelín in term of emitting the gamma ray nuclides and their environmental impact. There were collected data of several sorts of environmental samples for statistical analysis. The activity of gamma ray nuclides released by nuclear power plants to the environment after its initiation was compared to the activity of gamma ray nuclides contained it the environment before the initiation of the NPS. It was chosen five exemplary samples - , aerosoles, sediments, milk, soil and surface moisture, which have been scanning in years 1995 and 2005. In these samples, that have sufficient amount of data (sorts of milk, aerosoles and surface moisture) so the statistical analysis was relevant, it was proved, by the non-parametrical Mann-Whitney statistical testing, that there were no statistical difference between the data before and after the initiation of the NPS. The environmental impact wasn´t demonstrated. In these samples, that haven´t sufficient amount of data (sediments and soil), they were also tested (parametrical t. test) and it was proved that there were no statistical difference between the data before and after the initiation of the NPS. Because of very low quality of the testing, we have to use the box plot to ascertain the influence of NPS. In these plots the environmental impact wasn´t demonstrated as well.
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