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The occurrence and interactions of iodine in a natural environment, focused on the hydrosphere.
ŠEDA, Martin
Iodine is an important element essential for higher animals. A large part of the global human population suffers from a lack of iodine; elucidation of transfer and mobility of this element in the environment, water, soil, air and in organisms is thus very important. The aim of this work was the elaboration and optimisation of the method for determination of very low concentrations of iodine in the waters. The mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) technique was used. It has been shown that using of different filter types during sample preparation had no significant effect on the content of impurities in the filtered sample. Antimony was recommended as an internal standard, despite commonly used elements (indium or tellurium). Samples were not preserved because nitric acid caused volatilization of iodine from the sample and the addition of aqueous ammonia had no significant effect. The optimised method was tested on several groups of water samples, including precipitation, surface water and lysimetric waters. From autumn 2009 to summer 2010, a part of the Blanice River (Šumava Mountains, South Bohemia) was sampled. The average content of iodine in samples ranged from 1.48 ? 0.30 ?g?dm-3 (April 2010) to 3.05 ? 0.38 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The average content of iodine in samples from all tributaries of the Blanice River ranged between 2.52 ? 1.63 ?g?dm-3 (March 2010) and 3.67 ? 1.37 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The concentration of iodine in the monitored surface waters did not change significantly along the flow of the river. The other two streams were sampled near Rapotín village (Jeseníky Mountains, north Moravia). The average contents of iodine were as follow: Annov (upper stream) 1.60 ? 0.65 ?g?dm-3, Annov (lower stream) 1.88 ? 1.18 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (upper stream) 1.77 ? 0.92 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (lower stream) 1.42 ? 0.58 ?g?dm-3. Generally, the data showed that considering iodine, the area of Šumava had slightly higher levels than those observed in the Jeseníky Mountains. Precipitation collected in the South Bohemia (Arnoštov village and city of České Budějovice) and in Jeseníky (Rapotín) contained less iodine compared to surface waters, and rarely exceeded 3 micrograms per liter of water. The situation has changed in the spring of 2010, because of the occurrence of volcanic dust and ash over the Czech Republic. This volcanic cloud came from the sudden activity of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano (Iceland). In the mentioned period, the contents of iodine in precipitation were increased several times at all sample collection sites. This is an indirect evidence that iodine could be released during volcanic eruptions and transferred over long distances through the atmosphere. It turned out that the wastewater treatment plant can eliminate iodine in wastewater only partially. However, the wastewater treatment plants in the monitored region were too small to evaluate the overall impact on the environment. The maximum iodine content at the outlet of the wastewater treatment plant Prachatice town (South Bohemia) was 28.5 ?g?dm-3, which is several times higher than natural levels in the Živný stream, to which the treated water flows. Lysimetric water samples were collected from lysimeters installed in three nearby plots in Arnoštov village (Šumava, South Bohemia). The highest concentrations of iodine were found on plot where cattle were grazed. These values were significantly higher (average 4.38 ? 1.74 ?g?dm-3) than those obtained from a site used as hay meadow (average 2.69 ? 1.19 ?g?dm-3) or an untreated meadow (average 2.25 ? 1.39 ?g?dm-3). Iodine therefore probably originated from the urine and feces of grazed cattle. This thesis contributes to the total knowledge of iodine, particularly to the part concerning determination of iodine in the hydrosphere.
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Postnatal dynamics of thyroid hormones in lambs
BURLEOVÁ, Barbora
The aim of my work was to monitor and valorize of postnatal dynamics of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (TT4), triiodothyronine (TT3) and its free fractions (FT3 and FT4), in lambs up to 60 days of age. During the experiment 26 lambs were devided into two groups according to sex and were supplemented by iodine in concentration 0,7 ? 5 mg. Standard directed day ration for sheep is average 0,3 mg of iodine in 1 kilogram of dry mass (DM). One of the groups was also supplemented by selenium in concentration 0,2 ? 0,4 mg in 1 kilogram of DM.
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Possibilities to observe the intake of sodium in agreement with nutritional recommendations for health adults
GRUBEROVÁ, Michaela
The bachelor thesis ?Possibilities to observe the intake of sodium in agreement with nutritional recommendations for health adults? deals with the issues of sodium and iodine in human diet. One objective of the bachelor thesis was to determine whether the intake of sodium in the diet of university students corresponds to the current nutritional recommendations nad whether the content of sodium in meals prepared in university canteens corresponds to the current nutritional recommendations. Another objective was to determine whether it is possible to observe nutritional recommendations for the intake of iodine while meeting the nutritional recommendations for the intake of sodium. The research used a qualitative method. The technique used for data collection was an analysis of documents, i.e. records of eating habits of university students, frequency questionnaires and menus of university canteens. Nutritional software Nutriservis, Dietary system for hospitals II, Compiled online database of nutritional composition of foodstuffs and On-line database of foodstuff composition in the Czech Republic, version 2.11., was used to estimate the contents of sodium and iodine in food eaten by students and in meals prepared by university canteens. The estimated average daily content of sodium in diet of students from České Budějovice ranged from 1 993 to 4 807 mg and in the diet of students from Ostrava from 1 227 to 5 806 mg. The estimated average daily content of iodine in the diet of students from České Budějovice ranged from 26 to 795 ?g and in the diet of students from Ostrava from 25 to 523 ?g. The most frequent sources of sodium and iodine in the diet of students included regular bakery products, milk and dairy products, smoked goods, eggs, mineral water and edible salt. The estimated average daily content of sodium in meals prepared by the university canteen in České Budějovice ranged from 2 909 to 4 037 mg and in meals prepared by the university canteen in Ostrava from 4 397 to 6 259 mg. The estimated average daily content of iodine in meals prepared by the university canteen in České Budějovice ranged from 73 to 338 ?g and in meals prepared by the university canteen in Ostrava from 62 to 584 ?g. While meeting the nutritional recommendations for the intake of sodium, the nutritional recommendations for the intake of iodine were observed only in a few cases. Education about rational eating has been recommended, which should take place throughout the life of each individual, as well as a change in standards regulating content of salt in meals prepared by university canteens.
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Concentrations of thyroid hormones in the blood plasma of sheep
DŘÍZHALOVÁ, Blanka
The theoretical part of the thesis is dealing with description of the thyroidal hormones thyroxine, triiodthironine and their active (unbound) variants in the blood plasma. Thyroid gland, where the hormones are produced, production of very hormones and their effect on whole organism is described here. The practical part tracks and analyzes mutual relations and dynamics of thyroid hormones of sheep in their plasma depending on upraised uptake of iodine and changing uptake of selenium. The results are processed statistically.
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Thyroid hormones in blood plasma of dairy cows
KŘÍŽOVÁ, Zuzana
Thesis deals with the evaluation of the impact of different quantities and forms of iodine in ration dairy cows on the concentration of hormones of the thyroid in the blood plasma. Iodine was given in the inorganic (Vitamix S7+) and organic form (UNI-SATURAN J). The experiment was done with a herd of Red cows fleckvieh breeding in the conversion to breed in the breeding of Holstein dairy cows in distrikt Klatovy. The average concentration of thyroxine (TT4) before experiment was 50.91+-12.96 nmol/1, 1.6+-0.53 nmol/l of trijodthyronine (TT3). Free forms of hormones showed: FT4 1.09+-0.06 pmol/l and FT3 2.5+-0.08 pmol/l. Free forms of hormones showed more considerable divergencies.
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Iodine content in milk and urine of dairy cows
VÍTKOVÁ, Lucie
This paper provides data on the iodine content in milk, urine and blood plasma of dairy cows on feed rations with various amounts and forms of iodine. The experiment included a group of 9 cows with different milk yield of livestock in the Klatovy district. The samples of milk, urine and plasma were collected from January to May 2011 at intervals of 3-4 weeks. Iodine content was determined spectrometrically after alkali burning of the sample. Vitamix S7+ mineral feed additives with anorganic iodine content and UNI SATURAN J with content of organic iodine were used as the sources of iodine. When feeding rations fortified with only anorganic iodine in quantity of 80 mg.kg-1 mineral feed additives, the content of iodine in milk was 33.07 +-31.13 mikrogramů.l-1, in urine 192.87 +-65.56 mikrogramů.l-1 and plasma 76.18 +-26.22 mikrogramů.l-1. When feeding diets with added organic forms of iodine in quantities of 1 mg.kg-1 mineral feed additives and lower contents of inorganic iodine its average content in milk reached 51.13 +-26.29 mikrogramů.l-1 in urine 221.20 +-137.65 mikrogramů.l-1 and 83.13 +-44.24 mikrogramů.l-1 in blood plasma. Low iodine content in milk and increased iodine content in urine indicate reduced use of iodine in the oraganism despite its optimum intake. These conditions are often associated with the effect of goitrogenic substances. Normal levels of iodine were reached in plasma.
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Milk as a source of trace elements
BOUCHALOVÁ, Jana
The aim of this thesis was to enumerate the contents of important trace elements in cow's milk (iodine, zinc, copper, manganese) and evaluate the importance of milk as the natural resources in human nutrition. The average content of iodine in cows' milk in farms of South Bohemia in 2009 was 360,91 ?g/l, 2010 440,62 ?g/l in 2011 337,14 ?g/l. The average content of zinc in cow's milk in 2009 was 4825,15 ?g/l. The average content of copper in cow's milk in 2009 was 38,78 ?g/l. The average content of manganese in cow's milk in 2009 was 16,49 ?g/l. The average consumption of 0.16 liter of milk per person per day provided income of iodine in 2009 in 39%, in 2010 in 47%, in 2011 in 54%, income of zinc in 2009 in 6%, copper income in 0,3% and manganese income in 0,07%.
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