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Vliv vybraných ukazatelů chovného prostředí na úroveň welfare dojeného skotu
JAROLÍMKOVÁ, Alžběta
The diploma focuses on an assessment of welfare, technology and technological systems related to an efficiency and health condition of dairy cattle in selected farms in the Czech republic. Farming and veterinary database had been used in the process of compiling the diploma content; and screening methods to assess a welfare level in dairy cows herds. Stables for dairy cows must be in a dispositional, technical and operational compliance with the applied farm technology, in order to keep air circulation, dustiness, temperature and relative air humidity, gas concentration, lighting and noise levels within the safe limits. Any of the farm technological systems must not affect health condition and well-being of animals. Environment, providing animals conditions allowing natural behavior, rest and intake of food and water, creates a foundation for sustaining an appropriate welfare level of cattle as a significant prerequisite for reaching optimal productional a reproductional indicators. Even though there was no significant statistical difference documented (p >0,05) between monitored farms in selected indicators, an analysis of mutual dependency has been conducted between the environment level and some productional and reproductional indicators and health conditions of cattle.
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Vybrané vlivy na reprodukci plemenic holštýnského skotu
ŠPAČKOVÁ, Vladislava
The work deals with the evaluation of selected effects on reproduction of Holstein cattle breeds. The aim of the study was to evaluate reproductive parameters (insemination index, insemination interval, period service, interim, pregnancy after the first insemination) in a selected group of dairy cows. These reproductive indicators were subsequently evaluated depending on genotype, performance level, lactation order and age at first calving and used synchronization methods. The evaluation took place at the Vřesce farm, belonging to company Rynagro a.s. 260 Holstein breed cows and their hybrids were included. The results showed that some reproductive indicators (insemination interval, service period and interim) of the monitored group of dairy cows were lower than the average of the Czech Republic. When evaluating the genotype effect on reproductive parameters, a highly significant effect (p<0.01) of genotype on insemination interval was found. Holstein breed cows had a 7-day higher insemination interval than other crosses. In evaluating the effect of daily milk yield was not proven statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in period servis and interim. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in insemination index, insemination interval and pregnancy after the first insemination were proven in the performance evaluation. The p-value of the global null hypothesis was close to 0.05 and no significant differences between the compared groups were demonstrated in the subsequent multiple comparison. The effect of the order of lactation on reproductive parameters was not proven (p>0.05). However, interesting results were found by the impact of age at first calving. There was a statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01) between the groups in the insemination interval and the interim and a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the groups in the service period. Cows with a first calving age 23 months had all of these indicators lowest, the highest values were found within cows with a first calving age of 28 months. After evaluating the correlation analysis, a significant effect of age at first calving on insemination interval (p<0.05; r=0.13), on interim (p<0.01; r=0.17) and period service (p<0.01; r=0.17). Synchronization methods were used in 125 cows and the overall success rate after this treatment was 47%. The most commonly used protocol was the Ovsynch method. The calculations based on the extension of the service period quantified the theoretical loss for the extended cycle of dairy cows. This loss is 7 030, - CZK per cow and takes into account the losses for milk and the unborn calf, not the cost of further insemination and treatment of cows.
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Využití kultivačních metod v diagnostice zánětů mléčné žlázy ve vybraném chovu dojnic
ULMOVÁ, Kateřina
The goal of my thesis was to evaluate origin of mastisis diseases and specify the best way to cure this disease with antibiotics. Secondary goal was to examin origin of things that cause these diseases, efficiency of the cure and how it is influenced by the stage of the illness. This research was made in cowshed, fron april to december 2018 with 136 specimen. During this period I took samples of milk, that had more than 800 000 somatic cells in 1ml of milk. Based of possitve NK test, samples of mammary gland were taken and cultivated on one used only Petri dish. Depending of the origin of the infection, the proper atibitics were chosen for the cure. After 7 to 14 days after antibiotics treatment, milk sample was taken from the cured part od mammary gland and It was tested to see, if the treatment was successful. 77% of the specimen were sick because of microorganisms and most of the specimen were afflicted the most during 1st lactation (36.8% to 47.1%). Following microorganisms caused mastisis - Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa a Enterococcus faecalis. 36% of mastisis was caused by Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), followed by coliform bacteria (22%). 17% of mastisis was caused by Streptococcus uberis. 10.5% of specimen was infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Candida rugosa was found in 7.4% of the samples and in 9.5% of samples the diseasehad no specific microorganism responsible. From 105 infected cows, 68% of them fully recovered. At the end, based on the stage of the mastisis, efectivness of the treatmend was statistically evaluated. The evaluation showed, that stage of infection massively influence the result of the treatment.
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Reprodukce holštýnského skotu
VACHOUŠKOVÁ, Jana
In the past 20 years primary production of milk has made improvements in efficiency greater than any other branch of agriculture. Purpose of the project was to collect and compile information about synchronization programs used in Holstein cattle and then process the results of reproduction in a high yielding dairy farm. The growth of milk production was, however, met with a rising presence of "production diseases" - one of them being a steady decline of reproduction abilities of cows. Despite many theories attempting to explain this issue, the most widely accepted reason is that the efficiency was increased at the cost of dairy cattle welfare. This phenomenon is often called "Production Reproduction Antagonism" The Pernarec farm located in the western part of Pilsen region in the Czech Republic avoided this problem. This farm is used as an example to present the contemporary options in the control of reproduction in dairy farming and reproductive parameters. Data were gathered at the Pernarec farm, owned and operated by Úněšovský statek, a. s. All of them were provided by the above mentioned, collected from their zootechnical records and processed at Pernarec farm using PC Dart program. This work contains a visual representation of timetables of the most common synchronization protocols. Conception rate by services triggered by pedometers (natural heat) was 33%. Synchronization program Double Ovsynch had 58% rate of success when used for the first insemination while OvSynch used for the following ones displayed 47% rate of success. Cidr Synch used for repeatedly non-cycling dairy cows had 33% rate of success. Next to the conception rate, pregnancy rate was also monitored. Pregnancy rate achieved 30% in 2018, while year's production being 12173 kg. Key words: Holstein cattle, reproduction, synchronization protocols, dairy cow
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Kontrola kvality TMR pomocí Penn State separátoru u vysokoužitkových dojnic
BRABENEC, Vojtěch
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to focus on the control of dairy cow´s nutrition in the agricultural company because nutrition is the most important factor in the proces of milk production. The search deals with the way and technique of feeding in every single phase of lactation. This part of the bachelor thesis describes voluminous and salty feed as well as their usability in feeding dose and their nutritional qualities. The race "Holštýn", it´s characteristics and need of nutrients in nutrition is also mentioned in the thesis. The main part of the thesis is to introduce Penn state particle separator (2002), which has been used for the control of feeding in the farms. This part characterizes it´s utilization in place, the method of application, evaluation of feeding dose with it´s influence on dairy cow´s health and efficiency. The results have been compared to the standard determined for separator as well as evaluated in view of the milk yield and milk components. The thesis contents a series of trials made over the observed period,which is evaluated in the conclusion of the thesis, and the influence of feeding dose´s structure on dairy cow´s efficiency and health.
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Faktory ovlivňující výskyt mastitid ve vybraném chovu a návrh jejich řešení
TLUSTÁ, Tereza
A mastitis is an inflammatory illness of a milk gland, currently the mastitis is one of the most common health problems in cattle breeding. In most cases the mastitis is caused by bacterial infections of an udder, it can be also caused by viruses, protozoa, yeast, algae and molds. There are huge variety of factors reducing defensive immune mechanisms of the udder and predispose a cow for the inflammation. An etiology of mastitis and mainly ways of prevention are very interesting not only for dairy cows breeders, but also for researchers, scientists and veterinarians. Main reason is economy of dairy cattle the inflammation of milk gland reduces actual milk production, it can influenced milk yield in next lactations and lenght of productive life of the dairy cow too. Usually culling rate and death rate grow. The mastitis has negative effect on reproduction and health status of the cow, especially on hooves' health; that also leads to shortening of cow's productive life and necessity of faster replacement of affected cows by heifers. An aim of this work is to found out risk factors which enlarges chance of the mastitis. Rate of mastitis is influenced by an age of a cow and a number of lactation, a number of days in lactation, an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation, cases of mastitis at the 1st and next lactations and health problems on start of a lactation. A number of treated teats is influenced by an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation and days of the dry-period. Negative effect of mastitis on the reproduction wasn't completely demonstrated; there were only found out that higher number of treating cases extends time between calvings.
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Kulhání-Limitující faktor reprodukce skotu
VRABČEKOVÁ, Monika
One of the basic conditions for achieving a positive production and meeting economic objectives in cattle breeding is their high and regular reproductive performance. Amongst the most significant factors influencing cattle fertility is the health state of heifers. To breed cattle successfully, it is essential to ensure that their feet are in a good condition, in particular hoofs. Diseased feet lead to the reduction of cattle performance and affect their welfare which results in a negative impact on cattle fertility. This thesis is concerned with the influence of cattle lameness on reproductive indicators of cows. For the purpose of the research, a group of cows from ZD Pluhuv Zdar including 843 dairy cows of the Holstein breed and Czech Simmental breed was studied. Equally, all cows originated from two different types of stabling. The following information were checked about each cow: the identification number, stabling number, breed, age, date of calving, order of lactation, performance, interim period, service period, insemination interval, insemination index and any relevant hoof problems. The impact of hoof problems on reproductive indicators that depended on the order of lactation and breed were analysed in the program Statistica using two-factor anova. It was observed that there existed a significant influence of hoof disease on each reproduction indicator. Dairy cows on the 3rd and higher level of lactation showed an evident difference in the length of the interim period. It was found that healthy dairy cows without any hoof disease had on average 385 day long interim period, whereas dairy cows with hoof problems had 398 day long interim period. It is apparent that the interim period was lengthened by 13 days in dairy cows with lameness. In addition, the values for service period and insemination index increased in the group with cattle lameness (by 17 days and the value of 3.17). In the case of insemination interval values, the difference between healthy and diseased cows was the least apparent. Furthermore, it was proven that the combination of infectious and non-infectious diseases have the greatest impact on reproduction indicators that seem to increase their value as a result. This causes a great deal of stress to an organism of an animal. When comparing reproduction indicators between breeds, it was noticeable that there was an influence on the cross breeding and how strained the Holstein breed was. The average length of interim period was 8 days longer in the Holstein breed group than Czech Simmental cattle. Furthermore, the length of the service period was 5 days longer in the Holstein cattle group. From the data, it can be concluded that any hoof disease in herds should not be neglected and stock breeders should pay increased attention to hoof problems since it could pose a risk on the whole stock breeding economics. A stock breeder should focus on the regular and careful trimming, washing and treatment of hoofs. In addition, attention should be paid to stabling and how comfortable it is for dairy cows, as well as the quality and complexity of feeding portions that are served.
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Aktivita přežvykování dojnic ve vztahu k jejich vybraným fyziologickým funkcím
RŮŽKOVÁ, Michaela
One of the most important livestock production sectors in the Czech Republic is the cattle breeding, which has always been one of the most demanding fields in the history of breeding, and its results are, to some extent, decisive for the economic success of agricultural products. Cattle are bred primarily for milk, meat and semen. The aim of this bachelor thesis was to obtain basic data and to formulate findings about dairy cows' ruminating activity in relation to their health condition, milk yield and reproduction. Regular monitoring of the rumination of dairy cows can greatly improve the state of these individual physiological functions, and this leads to maintaining and improving herd productivity. The work was carried out in the Agricultural Business Cooperative Mrákov, at the farm in Tlumačov. At present, the company manages approximately 2 470 ha of agricultural land. The cooperative mainly focuses on cattle production and breeds approximately 900 dairy cows of the Holstein breed, of which there are about 250 cows in the stables in Tlumačov. A total of nine Holstein dairy cows were included in the observation and they were divided into three groups according to observation of their ruminating activity. Group 1 was monitored for changes in rumination in relation to health status. In the second group of dairy cows, rumination was observed in connection to reproduction. In the third group, there were dairy cows in which rumination in relation to milk yield was studied. The actual observation took place between 27 January 2018 and 17 March 2018. The SCR Heatime ? PRO device was used to monitor the rumination. Thanks to the SCR collars containing an accurate sensor, the health status, reproduction and dairy yield of selected dairy cows could be evaluated. Since the SCR system evaluates, for more accurate results, not only the rumination activity but also the movement activity, the cows' movement is also monitored, as a secondary factor, in the practical part of this work. According to the evaluation of the activities and the subsequent evaluation of the dairy's health status, reproduction and dairy performance, it was found that the SCR system recorded all drops and increases in activity and gave a timely report of the dairy status, thereby verifying its functionality and its possible use in the observation of rumination and movement activity. The results revealed that all dairy cows in the first group, where the state of health was observed, contracted mammary gland inflammation (mastitis) and were subsequently treated with antibiotics. In the second group, in which reproduction was monitored, it was found that the cows number 30 and 76 had a regular estrous cycle, and the cow number 190 had an irregular cycle, but all of them were inseminated. Lastly, in the third group, where dairy cows were observed in relation to their milk yield, it was found that each of the selected dairy cows had a problem with its health status after calving, which had an effect on its milk yield.
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Chovatelská a ekonomická analýza chovu dojeného skotu ve vybraném zemědělském podniku
BUŘIČOVÁ, Hana
The aim of this work was to analyze breeding and economical indicators of cattle breed in Selekta Pacov ltd. and on a private farm of Mr. Lubomir Straka in years 2014-2015. The results show, that in both cases, these plants are very modern and continuously innovated with high standard of milk performance, good health state of all milk cows, high-quality nutrition and appropriate farm management. Reproduction indicators are acceptable in both cases and correspond with the high milk performance. Economic result corresponds with the excellent level of milk cows breeding; both companies show profit during whole period of observation. Calf breeding is at high level on both farms as well. The farm of Mr. Straka shows the only problem; due to shortage of workforce, the farm has relatively high calf loss. In the heifer category, the results in breeding economy and breeding indicators are at high level. These animals are fully grown and developed with great body proportions and optimal body condition; this is the precondition of high milk performance. Bull fattening is realized in Selekta ltd. only; Mr. Lubomir Straka doesn´t fatten the bulls, but he sells them as calves already. For Selekta ltd., this commodity is an unprofitable branch. The reasons are low growth during fattening and high feed costs. If these problems are not removed, it will be better to cancel this category.
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Vybrané vlivy na reprodukci u stáda holštýnského skotu
KOZÁKOVÁ, Tereza
The aim of the work was to elaborate a literary review of the characteristics, reproductive properties of Holstein cattle and influences affecting the reproduction of cattle. Another objective of the work was to evaluate the selected influences on their reproduction in a group of selected dairy cows from the monitored cattle herd. The data were processed and sorted by genotype, level of milk performance, parity, length of dry period, length of insemination interval, difficulty of calving, age of the first calving and synchronization of estrous (Ovsynch). In evaluating the effect of the genotype on reproductive parameters, there were no statistically significant differences between purebred Holstein cows (H100) and crosses (H50-88C). In addition, the effect of milk yield on lactation on reproductive performance was evaluated. The results showed that with increasing performance, the values of reproduction indicators (insemination index, insemination interval and period service) have increased. The statistically lowest insemination index (1.70) and insemination interval (96 days) were detected in cows with a yield up to 8,000 kg. The service period (122 days) was conclusively the lowest in a cow group with a yield of 8,001 to 10,000 kg lactating milk. In contrast, the highest conclusive values of the insemination index, interval and period service were detected in a group of dairy cows with a yield above 12,001 kg of milk. It is further evident from the results that the values of the pregnancy rate after the first insemination increased with the increasing level of milk performance. The lowest value (27.14%) was detected in the group with the highest milk yield (over 12,001 kg of milk). There were no significant differences between the different groups of dairy cows in the evaluation of the influence of parity on the reproduction indicators. Furthermore, the influence of length of dry period was evaluated. The average dry period in the monitored herd was 69 days. The pregnancy rate after the first insemination was better for the group with a dry period over 61 days (40.38%). On the other hand, periods of service and days open values were lower in dairy cows with a dry period less than 60 days (119 and 394 days respectively). The length of uterine involution was also monitored by the length of insemination interval. Most cows in the monitored group of dairy cows (25.29%) were first inseminated 66th - 87th day after calving. No statistically significant differences were detected in the assessment of the age of the 1st calving and the severity of births on reproductive parameters. The use of controlled reproduction methods (Ovsynch) was also monitored and applied only in the case of reproductive disorders of dairy cows. In the monitored period, Ovsynch was used in only 10 dairy cows and the average service period was 140 days.
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