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What is the difference in student knowledge of nutrition at different types of universities?
Boháč, Petr ; Dlouhý, Pavel (advisor)
This diploma thesis consists of a theoretical and analytical part. The first part introduces basic knowledge about healthy nutrition, the constitution of nourishment and nutritional recommendations for citizens of the Czech Republic. It also describes a required level of knowledge about nutrition that all high school students should have. The analytical part is based on research that examined the knowledge of 298 university students and high school seniors. The students were from four different universities and one high school. This set of students was examined by a test that consisted of 30 questions. Students answered another four questions about their weight, height, gender and subjective valuations of their knowledge. The answers to these questions were evaluated manually and processed in programs such as MS Excel, MS Word and Epitable. The diploma thesis examines the knowledge of students based on their school, gender and daily life experience. It also shows students' Body Mass Indexes and differences in their subjective valuations of knowledge based on the students' schools. Results are presented in well-arranged tables in Chapter Discussion. The research showed that the best knowledge is to be found among students from Third Faculty of Medicine. Practical questions that focused on daily life...
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Eating Habits of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina
The topic of my bachelor work is Eating Habits of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. The Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness, which is for its high incidence in the population regarded as disease of civilization. There are approximately 15 000 000 people with diabetes type 1. according to the International Diabetes Federation, which is little over 7 % of the total number of diabetics. The aim of the bachelor work is to describe, through the research, eating habits found at patient type 1 diabetes and to map the reasons that lead to noncompliance of diabetic diet set by physician. So to answer the research questions: "What are the eating habits type 1 diabetic?" and "What are the reasons for patient to not follow recommended diet?" The research part is elaborated in the form of qualitative research using semi-structured interview. Total of seven diabetic patient in the age range from twenty-three to fifty years, provided the interview. The data were obtained from patients who were treated at diabetes physician MD Lenka Dohnalová in the diabetes clinic at a hospital in České Budějovice. Interviewing these patients was not purposely carried out in the presence of nurses or diabetologist in order to prevent degradation of the answers of interviewed persons. As result, the respondents were not afraid to tell the truth and the information obtained was as objective as possible. Patients were helpful and willing to give interviews. Respondents did not mention their names so the entire interview is anonymous. Everyone agreed to provide an interview and also agreed on being recorded. Two research questions were set and answered on the basis of anonymous interviews. Research Question No. 1: 1st What are the eating habits of type 1 diabetes patients? It is obvious that patients with diabetes were told that they should keep track of the number of carbohydrates eaten in the food. Six respondents use replaceable units to achieve it, 12 grams of carbohydrate equals 1 replaceable unit. One respondent does not recalculate the carbohydrates in the food on replaceable units, but is familiar with using the grams of carbohydrates. I was surprised by the answer on the special diet, a product formerly known as "dia," I did not expect that it consumes only one respondent. Beyond my original expectations is also surprising fact that neither of the respondents check the glycemic index in their food. Research Question No. 2: 2nd What are the reasons not to comply the recommended diet? It is obvious that patients try to comply the regime. None of the respondents currently have a problem with self-monitoring, application of insulin or consumption of food and beverages at school or at work. One respondent stated that she had these problems at work, and she is now on a disability pension. The results of the research are useful for health professionals who take care of diabetic patients. Intended use of the work in practice: Issuing this in diabetes clinics should support and enhance awareness of patients with diabetes about their disease.
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The integration of disabled pupils in primary education at primary schools in the districts České Budějovice and Prachatice
NĚMCOVÁ, Hana
Thesis topic deals with the integration of disabled pupils in primary education at primary schools in the districts of České Budějovice and Prachatice. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with fundamental concepts of the integration, legislation and the factors and resources which affect success of the integration process. The main aim of the practical part of the thesis was to find out if the primary schools from the research sample are ready to integrate students with disabilities. The objective was to determine what are the attitudes of teachers towards the integration. I set three research questions to meet the main aim. The first research question is concerned with how the schools are ready to integrate students with disabilities, or whether the schools removed architectural barriers and were built for wheelchair access. The second research question is concerned with the experience of primary schools with the integration of students with disabilities. The third research question examines the opinions of teachers on inclusion. The qualitative research strategy was used in this thesis. 22 elementary schools were addressed and 8 schools were willing to participate in the research. The research was conducted through structured interviews with school headmasters or their representatives, classroom teachers and educational consultants. It depended on who I was asked to interview in a particular school. In schools where pupils with disabilities are not integrated the awareness of teachers about the integration process was investigated. At schools where they currently integrate students with disabilities their experiences were examined. The research showed that 7 schools out of 8 have some experience with integration of disabled pupils. 3 schools integrate the students with disabilities, and 2 out of these 3 do that at elementary school level. None of the schools, which currently do not educate any disabled student is not ready to integrate pupils with this type of disability. The architectural barriers are not removed. When it comes to the awareness of the process of integration of students with disabilities, the research showed that the awareness of teachers of this issue is not sufficient. Schools which already have experience with the integration of students with disabilities at the first stage (elementary school), evaluate financing integration as insufficient. Both schools use the possibility of cooperation with special educational centres and educational conditions for these pupils had been adjusted. Both schools use some supportive measures. Pupils are taught according to their individual education plans. The schools provided the teaching assistant and bought educational and assistive devices for them. In one of these two schools there are 3 children with physical disabilities educated in the first instance. The teachers do not reject the idea of inclusion. Some, however, are aware of the limits of the integration process and therefore they find the concept of the current educational system satisfactory. In the Czech Republic the school integration is supported by legislation. Efforts to include students with special educational needs into mainstream education have been appearing for more than ten years. Despite this, in daily life the schools still struggle with a lack of financial support and other practical difficulties.
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Use of Imunohistochemical Methods in Diagnostics of Neoplasms
VELKOVÁ, Michala
This thesis deals with the application of immunohistochemical methods in the diagnosis of neoplasms. Indications of immunohistochemical methods of particular departments in Hospital Písek, a.s. are outlined there. It describes the origins and development of this method in the Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Písek, a.s. In the theoretical part, I describe knowledge of single methods. As for immunohistochemistry, I focused on the determination of antigens and the use of suitable primary antibodies for diagnosing diseases, mostly neoplasms. There are 20 primary antibodies available at the Department of Pathological Anatomy. In the practical part, I compare conventional staining and immunohistochemical methods with conventional staining and special staining methods in histology for the diagnosis of tumours. Hematoxylin eosin serves for distinguishing of essential cellular components. Selective staining enables colour differentiation of various tissue components. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of certain tissue antigens by antibody reaction with the immobilized chemical compounds is detected. This comparison I was applied at the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma and myogenic tumours at the Pathological Anatomy Department, Hospital Písek, a.s. For the determination of malignant melanomas, initially the sample was histologically processed and stained with Hematoxylin eosin staining base. Secondarily, the argentaffin reaction was used to detect melanin pigment and immunohistochemical staining of antigen HMB 45 using a mouse monoclonal antibody against HMB 45 by Dako Company and S 100 protein using a polyclonal rabbit antibody against S 100 by Dako Company. 14 samples of patients with malignant melanoma were examined this way. HMB 45 was stained positively in 12 samples out of 14 in total. Monoclonal antibody against HMB 45 is for malignant melanoma quite specific. S 100 protein was detected in all tissue samples. Polyclonal antibody against S 100 shows higher sensitivity, however it is not very specific. It is more used to distinguish neuroectodermal and nonneuroektodermálních lesions. Melanin was detected in 11 tissue samples. Detection of melanin is also non-specific and complicated. Argentaffin reaction shows colouring of other substances contained in the cytoplasm, such as lipofuscin therefore it is necessary to use other methods for the melanoma diagnosis, e.g. immunohistochemistry. In the diagnosis of myogenic neoplasms, Hematoxylin eosin basic staining was used and subsequently immunohistochemical examination followed to detect smooth muscle actin and desmin using monoclonal mouse antibodies by Dako Company and transparent Hematoxylin van Gieson staining, which is used less than in the past. A total of 94 myogenic neoplasms (leiomyoms uterus) were examined. 72 neoplasms stained with Hematoxylin van Gieson showed a positive colour reaction of muscle mass and 22 neoplasms weak colour reaction. Smooth muscle actin and Desmin was detected by immunohistochemistry in 92 samples. The main problem of Hematoxylin van Gieson staining remains less specificity and sometimes ambiguous differentiability of colour tones in their own preparation impeding and preventing to set a reliable diagnosis in some cases. For this reason, immunohistochemical detection of Smooth muscle actin and Desmin (amongst others) is preferred as key parameters. Preferably, you can then use positive antibody reaction with Smooth muscle actinof myoepiteliels in the search for possible invasiveness mainly to differentiate in situ and microinvasive tumous in glandular organs. The differential diagnosis of myogenic origin tumours currently prefers immunohistochemical methods to special staining for high sensitivity and specificity, as well as in the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. When combined, both approaches complement each other well and provide relatively high degree of certainty in determining cells origin.
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Comparison of level total cholesterol in serum for residents from Pilsen and Czech Budweis provided similar eating habits
FRAITOVÁ, Lucie
Measuring cholesterol is considered as a screening test used primarily to determine cardiovascular risk and monitoring lipid-lowering therapy. Since this is a screening examination, there is a need for further laboratory tests - the lipid profile (HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). Patients who get examined as a part of lipid-lowering therapy should follow a diet. These patiens need to be examined more frequently. Population of Czech Republic is considered at risk of early occurrence of atherosclerosis and its complications. Every year in the Czech Republic nearly 60 000 people die from cardiac and vascular disease. Cardiovascular disease increasingly affects younger age group. They are also a cause of disability of people of working age. One of the main indicators is high level of cholesterol. Accurate and precise measurement of blood cholesterol plays a role in the reduction of morbidity and mortality of people with cardio vascular disease. The aim of this thesis is to: 1) Measure the total cholesterol sample population of Plzeň and České Budějovice 2) Compare and find differences in serum total cholesterol in both locations In the theoretical part of the thesis I was interested in what foods increase cholesterol and what foods can reduce high cholesterol. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes diseases that may occur during hypercholesterolemia. The basic ones include atherosclerosis and its complications, which include heart disease or stroke. Preanalytical factor that may significantly affect laboratory tests are described in this part too. The practical part describes everything from an intake of biological material in the laboratory through the preparation (centrifugation, creating aliquots) to insertion of a secondary sample into the analytical device. Research for the thesis was conducted in the biochemical laboratory of synlab czech s.r.o. in České Budějovice. In this part I investigate ? under supervision ? a total of 100 samples of venous blood from people of Plzeň and České Budějovice. I determined the total cholesterol in serum. Cobas Integra 800 automatic biochemical analyzer was used for the examination of the biological material. In routine practice enzymatic methods are used to determine levels of cholesterol. Cholesterol esters are converted by cholesterol esterase into free cholesterol and fatty acids. Free cholesterol is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to form cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide. The resultant hydrogen peroxide reacts with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol to form a red color and water. The color intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of cholesterol and is measured by absorption spectrophotometry at 512 nm.Measured laboratory results were statistically processed and neatly sorted into tables and graphs using the computer program. Data from Plzeň and České Budějovice were sorted according to gender and evaluated using graphs. The data sets were then compared to each other and the difference in cholesterol levels was registered. All the results are in the table and graphs. Hypercholesterolemia was detected in 29 samples from Plzeň and 27 from České Budějovice.
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Evaluation of epidemic of VHA in region Frýdek-Místek
Halešová, Ilona ; Dáňová, Jana (advisor)
In the second half of the year 2008, there was an increased occurrence of the hepatitis A viral disease quoted in the Frydek-Mistek region. There were 54 cases reported in total, 52 of which concerned permanent residents of the region and were reported to the EPIDAT system. In terms of anti-epidemic isolation of the disease epicenters, the anti-epidemic department adopted a number of measures to prevent the spread of the disease. It was decided that 976 people must be under increased sanitary supervision, 19 cases of which were proceeded to an absolute ban of activities. Sanitation was ordered in schools and other places of work where the decease had previously appeared. In cooperation with practitioners, 189 people were vaccinated in the first and the second period of pronounced extra vaccination. Another 355 people were vaccinated directly in the epidemic centers. To assure the particular measures, the workers from the anti-epidemic section cooperated with section of food hygiene, section of communal hygiene and general hygiene, as well as with other state administration authorities, such as social department of the city hall of Frydek-Mistek, municipal police, contact centre RENARKON workers and others. Many contacts were passed to other working places of public health protection not only in the Czech...
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Quality of life and Lifestle in Czech children in town and village
Hlaváčková, Eva ; Hodačová, Lenka (advisor) ; Benešová, Veronika (referee) ; Hrubá, Drahoslava (referee)
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept that has been researched in many scientific fields. It has gained an important position especially in medicine, sociology, and psychology. The aim of the study was to monitor specific indicators of quality of life (QoL) and lifestyle in a representative sample of Czech children within an international study of the World Health organization (WHO), The Health Behaviour in School Aged Children: A WHO Cross National Study (HBSC), to analyze QoL in Czech children according to age, gender, and place of residence, and to evaluate it as it relates to other important factors associated with lifestyle (formal structure of the family, the amount of time spent together in the family, adaptation to school, subjectively perceived degree of demands for achievement in the school, social relationships, alcohol and tobacco consumption). The data were obtained using a questionnaire in 86 randomly selected elementary schools and multiannual secondary schools. The study methods emanated from the WHO recommendations. The target population for the research study was a representative sample of Czech children aged 11, 13, and 15, a total of 4,782 children. We monitored subjectively perceived QoL based on a subjective evaluation of the health status, the feeling of happiness, and...
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The incidence of heparin resistance in patients operated with the use of extracorporeal circulation
Brzek, Vladimír ; Harrer, Jan (advisor) ; Tošovský, Jan (referee) ; Gwoździewicz, Marek (referee)
Heparin resistance occurs in about 20% of population. In that case, after application of a usual dose of heparin (2-3 mg/kg) ACT will not be sufficiently extended. Aim: To determine the real incidence of heparin resistance in patients scheduled for a cardiac surgical procedure. To determine whether there is an association between preoperative treatment with heparin and the incidence of heparin resistance. Also, to establish whether there is an association between platelet count, patients' age, and heparin resistance. Patients and methods: A total of 624 patients scheduled for on-pump surgery were included into a prospective study over a period of three years. Preoperative and intraoperative activated clotting time (ACT) values were recorded. Additionally, four factors referred to in the relevant literature as potential causes of developing heparin resistance were monitored in all patients: age 65 years, preoperative platelet count ≥ 300 × 109/l, preoperative administration of various types of heparin, antithrombin concentration ≤ 60%, and a combination of all. Patients were considered heparin-resistant if a heparin dose ≥ 5 mg/kg had not produced an anticoagulation response with ACT ≥ 480 s. Our data were evaluated using the test of agreement of relative frequency and the χ2 test. Results: In our...
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Properties of prosthodontic materials
Vavřičková, Lenka ; Dostálová, Taťjana (advisor) ; Bartoňová, Marie (referee) ; Zicha, Antonín (referee)
Summery Properties of Prosthodontic Materials Background: Dental ceramics and dental alloys have been found to be the most suitable material for prosthetic restorations. The biological inertness of ceramics is considered to be the best among all dental materials. The aim of this study was to determine the level of corrosion and cytotoxic influence on the cell line of mouse fibroblasts of selected dental materials. Methods: In total, 11 types of ceramic materials and 6 types of dental alloys have been chosen for the analysis. The composition of ceramic materials was qualitatively evaluated by X-ray spectrometry. For evaluation of a corrosive behaviour in vivo, presence of released ions in saliva of tested individuals by mean GT-AAS was valuated. For evaluation of a corrosive behaviour in vitro, leaching in hydrochloric acid was used. Extracts were analysed by mean ICP OES and ICP MS. The cytotoxic influence of the materials on the cell line of mouse fibroblasts NIH 3T3 was monitored (direct contact test, extract test). Results: The study of dental alloys corrosive behaviour in vivo determined, that chromium release depends on the dental alloy composition and the time after the denture delivery. The nickel release depends only on the time of delivery. In extracts, measurable amounts of sodium, magnesium,...
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Discharge of a debtor as an expression of modern trends in insolvency law
Hercegová, Katarína ; Smolík, Petr (advisor) ; Zoulík, František (referee)
68 Závěr Po dlouholeté platnosti ZKV představuje novelizace insolvenčního práva v ČR důležitý krok vpřed. Oddlužení, jako úplně nový způsob řešení úpadku, je sice jen malou kapkou v množství reformovaných ustanovení, ale za to velmi důležitou součástí reformy. Jde zejména o společenské změny, které si vyžádaly nové způsoby řešení úpadku, a to i podle toho, jestli je dlužníkem právnická nebo fyzická osoba. Jak říká název této práce, jde o moderní trend insolvenčního práva. Zákonodárce v ČR dal tomuto institutu svou vlastní podobu, přičemž se nechal inspirovat i některými zahraničními úpravami. Od původního vládního návrhu se institut oddlužení cestou početných změn ustálil do dnešní podoby. Svou koncepcí zapadá do nového InsZ jako prostředek vhodný pro řešení úpadku nepodnikatelů a jako alternativa ke konkursu. Přesto již dnes dopadá na některé části zákona kritika, která je dle mého názoru, například co se osobní působnosti oddlužení týče, celkem oprávněná. Jedná se zejména o znevýhodnění fyzických osob - menších podnikatelů, pro které v InsZ není k dispozici žádné alternativní řízení ke konkursu. Navíc jsou do působnosti oddlužení zařazeny právnické osoby, což je krokem neobvyklým. Tomuto problému jsem se ve své práci blíže věnovala v bodu 3.1.2. Problematika osobní působnosti není jedinou, která v zákoně...
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