|
|
Protection of persons present at examinations using ionising radiation.
MRÁZEK, Jiří
This bachelor{\crq}s thesis, entitled Protection of persons present at examinations using of ionizing radiation, seeks to summarize particular methods of radiation protection of medical personnel performing activities involving sources of the ionizing radiation. The introductory part highlights the need of the personnel to be acquainted with certain aspects of radiological physics, with effects of ionizing radiation on the human body, with a possibility of its detection, principles of radiation protection, and its optimization. In the following section the thesis points to the legislation in the area of radiation protection. It considers how are the radiation protection and its optimization interpreted at the radio-diagnostic department. Furthermore, it compares specific data resulting from personal monitoring of selected radiological personnel of the Central Military Hospital in Prague with limits of exposure set up by legislation. The data obtained by the monitoring are then sorted and compared using various examination methods. The thesis seeks to prove that compliance with the principles of radiation protection results in values of the individual monitoring of the personnel not exceeding the limits of exposure set up by legislation. Based on particular results it aims to determine how demanding individual examination methods in terms of the personnel{\crq}s radiation exposure are. This thesis should therefore help not only radiological assistants, but also doctors, nurses, and other personnel working with sources of ionizing radiation understand how important are the protection against ionizing radiation and compliance with principles of radiation protection for reduction of the radiation doses received.
|
|
|
Stability parameters CT parts of hybrid camera SPECT/CT ( Infinia/Hawkeye ) in daily verification
JURSA, Radek
Act No. 18/1997 Coll., on Peaceful Use of Nucelar Energy and Ionising became effective in 1997. This Act governs the responsibilities of operators of the facilities utilizinig ionising amnong others. This radiation is used in a high degrese in medical sphere whether for the diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Even displaying by means of radiation has undisputed avantages, every its using means potential danger for the patient{\crq}s health. It{\crq}s necessary to follow radiation health conventions as also regulary perform various tests a measurements of stability parameters of the equipment used for ionisation, in order to minimize risk of irradiation. This thesis has both theoretical and practical parts. I try to give comprehensive view on the Atomic Act and its paragraphs in the theoretical part. And in practical part, I pay attention to execution of daily tests of stability CT part of the SPECT/CT diagnostic tool located in České Budějovice, ward of nuclear medicine.
|
|
|
The study of radioactivity and radiation problems and their comprehension by laical public
DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Romana
Radiation and radioactivity {--} these words awaken a sense of insecurity, unknowingness and sometimes even major concerns in many of people. On the other hand, only few people really have the right and sufficient information on this topic that is considered very important but also complicated and hard to understand. In my opinion, the majority of the public has no access to professional information on use of ionizing radiation and radioactivity. Therefore, they have insufficient knowledge of the topic and this fact results in concerns and fear of radiation that the public may hold. The hypothesis whether the amateur public is mainly afraid of medical sources of radiation, was determined for research in my bachelor thesis. Furthermore, I set several sub-hypotheses in order to gain a general picture of the points at issue and eliminate any ambiguous results. Moreover, the quantitative form of research was selected in order to reach the targets and verify the hypotheses. A questionnaire was used as a technique for collecting data. Members of the amateur public {--} patients of the hospital Mulačova nemocnice s r.o. in Pilsen {--} were selected as the statistical set for the purpose of the questionnaire survey. The objective of the thesis was to establish the concerns connected with various types of use of radioactivity and ionizing radiation, provide the objective and coherent perspective of the level of the amateur public{\crq}s awareness in this field, and propose the most effective way of presentation of information in order to spread the general awareness based on the data acquired and statistically processed. I would like to provide my bachelor thesis as a source of information to the general public. Furthermore, I would like to offer the results of this thesis to organizations dealing with these points at issue and as a course material for students of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice.
|
|
|
Measuring methods of surface contamination with radioactive substance in the nuclear power plant Temelin
PAPAN, Juraj
Monitoring of the occurrence and scope of surface contamination is performed by the Radiation Protection department in order to adopt adequate measures for the protection of persons from unwanted contamination and to inspect observation of limits for surface contamination and for items taken outside the controlled area. The chapter containing results and collected data includes a definition of the measured parameter and it stresses the surface contamination as a major health risk factor, which is demonstrated by conversion of surface contamination values into absorbed doses in the exposed body organs. This is followed by the principles, issues and factors affecting detection of ionizing radiation, particularly the surface activity, which is used to express the extent of surface contamination. The issues of detection are followed by a description of scope and principle of monitoring implementation within which the individual measurements are performed, taking into account the reference levels for specific measurements. The individual measuring procedures are accompanied with descriptions of their use. Apart from a summary description of the implementation of surface contamination monitoring in the nuclear power plant Temelín, one of the objectives of the thesis was the analysis of errors introduced into the measurement process by persons performing the measurements. The main objective of the thesis was to confirm the hypothesis that measures adopted by the Radiation Protection department, based on results from working measurements for the protection of workers who get into contact with radioactivity in form of surface contamination, are sufficient and that the limits for surface contamination of items taken outside the controlled area are not exceeded.
|
|
|
Radionuclides in the environment
LEVÝ, Leoš
Radionuclides occurring in the environment on Earth can be divided according to the mechanism of their origin into three main groups. Cosmogenic radionuclides are formed by continual cosmic radiation on the nuclei of stable elements especially in the upper levels of the atmosphere. Terrestrial radionuclides originate directly on our planet. The last group represent anthropogenic radionuclies which occur in the environment due to a controlled activity of man (e.g. nuclear plant outlets) or due to various accidents (the Cernobyl nuclear plant accident). For all mentioned radionuclides I give a description of their occurrence and concentration in the environment and their proportion on the total effective rate a man receives per year. Due to the fact that radon can represent up to 50 % of the total effective rate, it is dealt with in a special chapter. The paper aims at creating a unified overview of occurrence of radionuclides in the environment. To carry out this paper I presumed that there is an insufficient awareness in the inhabitants of the Czech Republic concerning this issue (lack of interest on the part of the population, reception of unverified, incomplete or misrepresented information from mass media or various interest groups). The questionnaire survey, the results of which are part of this paper, confirmed this premise and therefore it is possible to use this paper to improve the awareness concerning the dealt with issue.
|
|
|
Possible Risks of Abuse of the Sources of Ionizing Radiation
ŠVECOVÁ, Kristýna
The abuse of ionizing radiation sources can be a tool in violent actions taken by terrorists, politicians or various groups with the aim to enforce their intentions. Ionizing radiation sources occur in many branches of human activities; they are important in medical care, industry, agriculture, space engineering, geology, archeology and many other spheres. The objective of my thesis is to familiarize the reader with the problems of radiological terrorism or even unaware abuse of ionizing radiation sources.
|
|
|
Burst effects of radiation dispersal weapon
SADÍLKOVÁ, Alexandra
One of the relatively cheap and easily available instruments suitable for a terrorist attack is the dirty bomb. Using conventional charges (TNT, Semtex etc.) it disperses radioactive materials. Its use is based on contamination of the area where the explosion took place and on creating a radioactive cloud, which may travel rather fast depending on the wind, and which pollutes other areas with its fall-out particles. Such areas become dangerous to live or stay in for a longer period due to the danger of irradiation sickness and cancer. The polluted areas must be decontaminated, which is a very difficult task. Another problem that may occur after the explosion of such a bomb is also panic as well as burns and injuries caused by shells. This work deals with possibilities of radiological weapon construction, the results of using a dirty bomb and with the work of integrated emergency services on such an occasion.
|
|
|
Duties and arrangements of crisis staff of the municipallity with efussed agency close to outflow of radioactive matters
NÁZROVÁ, Lucie
The issue concerning endangering by radioactive substances has not been published frequently. Yet it can represent a very high risk with irreversible consequences for both man and the environ{$\neg$}ment he lives in. Even though there are regular checks of the sources of radioactive emission and the issue is being monitored in fallout plans, one cannot wholly exclude the possibility of endangering inhabitants by radioactive substances. For example the failures of technologies, a man{\crq}s irresponsibility, criminal acts, especially terrorism and also the exploitation of nuclear weapons to military or political goals cannot be omitted. Consequences of extraordinary events and critical situations in case of radioactive substances threat can be catastrophic.
|
|
|
Methods of checking the observance of diagnostic reference levels in the field of radiodiagnostics
KROUPOVÁ, Helena
Methods of Checking the Observance of Diagnostic Reference Levels in the Field of Radio diagnostics Although there is a simultaneous development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, perfection of instrumentation and means for personnel and patient protection, there is also an effort to reduce applied doses. In this way, medical irradiation caused by ionizing radiation used in medicine represents a significant contribution to the total dose of ionizing radiation that a person is exposed. Today the medical radiation in the Czech Republic comprises more than ninety per cent of radiation from an artificial source and approximately one ninth from the total population radiation. Evaluation of professional doctor radiation and X-ray devices attendance has been safeguarded within the personal dosimetry for many decades. However, systematic monitoring of doses related to medical radiation of the patient is a relatively new problem in the radiodiagnostics sphere. According to the Council directive 97/43/EUROATOM requirement, the SUJB has stated the so called ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} within enclosure number 9, Regulation No. 307/2002 Coll., about radiation protection. These ``diagnostic reference levels{\crqq} are dose levels within medical radiation and their exceeding is not expected at the 70 kg adult patient medical examination in the case of correct practice. The systematic exceeding of diagnostic reference levels under clinical practice conditions is the reason for reconsideration of radiation protection optimalization at a given workplace. In accordance with the proposal of the National Radiology Standards for Radiology Physics, the author team recommends the monitoring extension of the patient radiating load related to a particular medical radiation by specifying the local diagnostic reference levels, typical for a given type of workplace at a particular keeper, and their continuous verification within the clinical examination of the standard group of patients. Generally, the doses can be determined in two ways: by exposure parameter calculation or by product measure of area kerma, which is generally implemented by special devices, so called DAP meters. The aim of the work is the description of both methods, their comparison and the evaluation of the method effectiveness at various types of sciagrammatic workplaces.
|
|
|
Physical and biological dosimetry in uranium miners
BARAN, Petr
I am concerned with problems irradiation workers in uranious pits, when on them affects gamma radiation, irradiation from inhalation products conversion radon and irradiation from inhalation mixtures long - term radionuclide uranium {--} radium series emitting alpha radiation. To metering these stress organism uranious miners employs partly physical method which measures individual components {--} metering concentration potencial energy voluminous activities daughterly product radon, metering voluminous activities mixtures long - term alpha emitter, metering surface contamination radionuclides and metering personal filming dosimetric external gamma radiation. It is method physical dosimetry against whereby from 60 years twentieth century get on piece of knowledge bio - dosimetry. The exploitation piece of knowledge, that the chromosome aberration in llymphocytes peripheral blood they may serve as sensitive detector radiating exposition. Comparison peripheral lymphocytes from blood tracked man with spectrum sentinel node irradiated different dues radiation we can after standard curve determine of what dues got examinate worker. By the help of chromosome aberration we can detect lowest dues near individuals 0,1 {--} 0,2 Gy and near insider 0,05 Gy which is in the event of worker in uranious pits biggish tax. Problems physical dosimetry , that the deal out and small tax and after totaled and evaluation of all components incidence keep - alive radiation we get overall picture about receipt organ dose. In both method happen to definite distortion accuracy.
|
guest ::
