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The evaluation of radiation burden of patients and the possibility of radiation emergence and management of emergencies at the nuclear medicine department of the Hospital České Budějovice, PLC
DAŇOVÁ, Kristína
The aim of my thesis was to evaluate radiation consequences in patients, and to evaluate unusual occurrences stemming from radiation at the department of nuclear medicine in hospital Ceske Budejovice. In the theory part, I worked with professional literature, applicable laws and internal documentation provided by the department of nuclear medicine in hospital Ceske Budejovice Plc The thesis reacted to the need of the department of nuclear medicine (dept. NM) in hospital Ceske Budejovice to evaluate the optimisation of doses for the patients and set local diagnostic levels. Different organisations worldwide deal with the question of optimising radiation protection, and their recommendations and standards are used in the Czech Republic. For this purpose, it is necessary to know the real activity of radiopharmaceuticals applied in each examination and to conduct a forecast resulting in effective doses also based on CT scans. The thesis also evaluates the occurrence of special radiation events really experienced at the department of NM (nuclear medicine) in the hospital mentioned above, the reasons for these events happening and precautions preventing them from happening in future. The owner of the permission for this activity, meaning the use of the source of ionizing radiation, has the duty to keep all documentation and paperwork in accordance with the law regulating nuclear power, abide by the rules of good practices and the real state of allowed practice. The occurrence of unusual events is closely connected with the documentation - internal emergency plan and monitoring program. (Law 263/2016) Therefore, it was recommended to compare these to the actual state and to review them based on the facts found. The values of applied activities and effective doses found were compared to the values published in the last report from UNSCEAR in 2016 and national referential values published in the bill about radiation protection no 422/ 2016. All results were inputted into tables and graphs. It was found that the applied activities at the department of NM in hospital Ceske Budejovice are in agreement with the values presented in UNSCEAR report and that they are lower than the national referential levels, which shows that there is optimised state of radiation protection for patients. The occurrence of concrete unusual radiation events at the department of NM in hospital Ceske Budejovice and their analysis revealed certain shortcomings in the process and the absence of security elements needed while holding radioactive liquid waste in storage at the hospital. It was necessary to find and implement such precautions, which will prevent similar type of events in future. The thesis will be handed in to the person tending to the radiation protection for the use of evaluation and providing the protection at the department of NM at the hospital Ceske Budejovice and to enable the documentation to be completed for the allowed activity.
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Application of the SW ESTE AI for the recommandation on an optimal strategy of liquidation H-3 produced by 5 blocks of the NPP Dukovany
CHOCHOLA, Ondřej
This thesis deals with the influence of the discharges of the Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant ("Dukovany NPP") and the assessment of impacts on the population and the vicinity of the power plant. The thesis summarizes the issues of tritium 3H discharges into waterways and partially deals with the 14C discharges. Attention is paid especially to the radioisotope of hydrogen 3H, due to its chemical and physical form and its presence in the cooling medium (light water) used by that type of nuclear power reactor. The thesis also contains a description of the current state of the Dukovany NPP, especially the existing discharges of the radioactive substances to the surroundings of the nuclear power plant, both to the air and into the waterway. Also was discussed the issue of the new planned blocks of the Dukovany NPP and impacts of the projected discharges on the population during the simultaneous operation of the existing blocks and the planned blocks, again in relation to the 3H discharged into the waterway. The application ESTE AI was used for the determination of individual groups of inhabitants who are most exposed to the radioactive discharges (also called representative person). Based on the current discharges of the Dukovany NPP and the planned blocks discharges were determined the annual effective doses for a representative person. The doses were compared with the legislation on the conditions for the peaceful use of nuclear energy requirements and then with the water management legislation. In order to avoid exceeding these limits were set up recommendations how to dispose of radioactive substances optimally. The thesis answer to the research question: What impacts on the population will have discharges of the Dukovany NPP after the construction of a new nuclear source, especially in relation to the discharges of the 3H into the waterway and which measures will must be applied on the optimization of the inhabitants doses.
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The Cesium-137 content in wild game in Šumava.
VENČOVSKÁ, Petra
Our territory was the artificial radionuclide cesium-137 (hereafter 137Cs) contaminated by radioactive contamination during nuclear testing in the atmosphere and to the largest nuclear accident occurring in Chernobyl. Contamination of the environment and its components 137Cs is still being monitored due to the long half-life of this radionuclide. The stated goal of the work is to compare the mass activity of 137Cs in the forest species from the Šumava region. This also results in the research question as to whether there is a difference in 137Cs in the mass of different animal species living in forests in the Šumava region. According to the availability of samples, the administrative districts of Vimperk and Horní Planá were selected. From these localities, there are also 14 measured samples of fur animals, which were provided for this research. Consequently, the content of 137Cs was determined by gamma semiconductor spectrometry, which, besides mentioned 137Cs, was also used for comparison with potassium-40 (hereinafter only 40K), which is the most widely used natural radionuclide. The measurement results also show that higher concentrations of 137Cs were in samples from the Vimperk region, and also that higher mass activity of 137Cs was measured in herbivores. The highest value of 40K was measured in both herbivores and omnivores. Effective dose ranges were calculated from the results obtained to express the level of contamination that would occur in the case of the consumption of contaminated meat. Calculated values of effective dose ranges due to internal contamination as well as other sources of radioactivity are not significant and their effect on the health of our population is negligible.
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Calculation of efficient dose rtg diagnostic irradiation
Bažantová, Lucie ; Drastich, Aleš (referee) ; Rozman, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals primarily with the theory of ionizing radiation and its interaction with matter. It deals particularly with x-radiation and the methods of its use in medicine. The thesis contains a description of the origin of the x-ray image and a description of the techniques of radiography and skiascopy. A list of quantities and units used in radiation physics and in radiation protection has been set out, with regard to assessing the risk involved in the interaction of x-radiation with an organism. In particular, the effective dose and the methods of evaluating this during medical irradiation have been set out. The main parts of the work are an overview of the software environment used in radiation physics and an example of the calculation of an effective dose for a concrete radiographic examination together with a detailed description of the method of calculation. At the end of the thesis there is a table of calculated values and an evaluation of them.
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Radiation load patients during lung skiagraphy
NOVÁKOVÁ, Andrea
The topic of my thesis was to evaluate radiation doses to patients with lung skigrafii. The impetus for the treatment of this topic was that even though the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (Věštník MZ ČR 9/2011) recommends the use of classic hard skigrafii lung imaging technique, a number of radiodiagnostic workplaces still uses the technique of low voltage, although the patient is exposed to a higher dose. Skigrafie lung examination is among the low-dose exposure, but it is the most commonly performed tests. Since the risks of radiation from various sources of radiation during their lives constantly in the body are added, it is necessary to try to make at least a medical exposures are minimized as much as possible. In the theoretical part I tried to arrange the all important information on x-rays, skiagrafii, lung anatomy, imaging techniques, radiation protection and legislative framework that deals radiodiagnostika. Department of Radiology in the Czech Republic have at their disposal guidelines and recommendations for proper X-ray examinations, called. National Radiological standards that ensure optimum image quality while minimizing the radiation dose for the patient. For physicians who indicate radiodiagnostic examinations is crucial document "Indication criteria for imaging", which sets criteria so that all examinations imaging methods were duly substantiated, and their indications regulated. Practical work is focused on comparing the radiation burden of two imaging techniques for the examination of the lungs, namely imaging technique compared with low (ie. Soft) and high (ie. Hard) exposure voltage. The main part is based on the processing of results and input values falling surface kerma, which were measured for X-ray work by a water phantom ionization chamber using two exposure techniques. Based oriented values and using tabulated values I calculated the dose for each imaging technique. The effective dose for soft imaging technique was almost three times higher than the technique hard. Also interesting is the result of secondary radiation, the soft technique is almost five times exceeds the emerging secondary radiation hard imaging technique. Another important part of this work was to compare the effective doses for the two groups of selected patients with radiographic examination of the lungs, were divided according to the used imaging technique. The first group of patients who were imaged in the first quarter of 2014 equipment with voltage 125kV, in the second group were patients from the first quarter of 2011 the average radiography exposure voltage 57.2 kV. From both groups were selected only patients with a weight of 60-80 kg, which approximates the patient's usual layout, with whom works legislation Ministry of Health. The effective dose for hard imaging technique for the examination is 0.0085 mSv, for a soft technique is effective dose equal to 0.0304 mSv. It follows that the effective dose for hard skigrafické imaging technique for examination of the lungs during soft imaging technique is 3.5 times higher than in the technique hard. In terms of radiation protection is also interesting, as shown in the calculation of benefits program PCXMC that the dose to the gonads when skigrafické examination of the lungs almost zero, therefore the use of protective equipment in the genitals during the examination pointless and rather plays a psychological role. The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate that the advised the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic on the transition from soft to hard imaging technique technique is justified. On the basis of unmeasured values and progressive processing of results I could confirm my hypothesis: Using hard imaging technique at skigrafii lungs is reduced patient radiation dose.
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The Radiation protection of Patients and staff in Nuclear Medicine.
DAŇOVÁ, Kristína
Open radioactive sources are used at the department of nuclear medicine for diagnoses and therapy, as well as for research purposes. Ionizing radiation is applied in all cases. Since a negative impact of this radiation has been depicted, it is necessary to systematically reduce the radiation on people, and protect the environment. The title of this bachelor thesis is: "Radiation protection of staff and operatives at the Department of Nuclear Medicine". This thesis is devided into several parts. The beginning of the theoretical part focuses on history of origins of radiation protection and institutions which deal with it. Further, nuclear medicine as such, its equipment, and structure of the department in general is described. The conclusion then introduces the DNM in the town of České Budějovice. Ionizing radiation and its biological effects on organisms were defined, as well as quantities and units which characterize it. A considerable part of this work focuses on principles of radiation protection, monitoring of the staff, workplace and releases. This work also deals with dosimetry and lists types of used dosimeters. It assesses the risks of outer and inner radiation. The aim of this thesis was to analyse laws and regulations which are connected to radiation protection and identify its effective application for staff and patiens of the DNM in České Budějovice. Another aim was to examine the radiation protection of patients at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, as well as the radiation protection of patients and staff at the inpatient ward. The research question was: "Is the radiation protection of patients and staff at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in hospital in the town of České Budějovice sufficiently optimized?" The method of research was assembling and recording materials of nuclear medicine in České Budějovice, compare doses of thermoluminescent dosimeters of the staff in outpatient and inpatient wards, and compare doses of finger and whole-body thermoluminescent dosimeters. The practical part provides detail information, charts and graphs of effective and equivalent doses of staff of outpatient and inpatient wards of the DNM in the town of České Budějovice between years 2009 and 2013. The outpatient ward comprises of fifteen employees. The inpatient ward of three nurses and one hospital attendant. These were observed in details for effective dose equivalents Hp(10) during each individual month for the period of five years. Results from the personal whole-body and finger dosimeters have been used for the analysis. The values of equivalent doses of HT from finger TLD are recorded for two of the employees. The data for the hospital in the town of České Budějovice was assessed by CSOD Ltd. In Prague, a company which has been providing dosimetric calculations in the Czech Republic for over tweny years. This data was compared with limits for radiation workers, which are regulated by State Office for Nuclear Safety no.389/2012 Sb., from November 16th, 2012, which changes the public notice of State Office for Nuclear Safety no.307/2002 Sb., about radiation protection as amended by public notice no.499/2005 Sb. The outcomes of the thesis have remitted a very high level of radiation protection and well-established measures in the protection of staff and patients against negative effects of ionizing radiation in the hospital of the town of České Budějovice. The thesis is then enhanced by a discussion, which reflects the outcomes compared with professional findings summarised in the theoretical part. The answer to the research quesion is: "Yes, radiation protection of the staff and patients at the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the hospital of the town of České Budějovice is sufficiently optimized." This bachelor thesis can be used as a study material for students of the field of study Radiology Assistant.
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Dosimetric determination of radiation exposure of patients and personnel during diagnostic and interventional endovascular procedures at the DSA department of UVN, recovery plan for a potential extraordinary event
KRAHULA, Ondřej
Intervention radiology is a discipline that is achieving a great advancement due to its significant success in the treatment of various diseases. Also, it relates to the increase of the number of angiographic performances in the last years. The extension of radiological methods has increased the share of this discipline on the overall medical irradiation of the population. All angiographic performances are accompanied by certain risk related to the exposure of the patient and staff to the ionizing radiation. Several cases were reported where the surface doses were reaching the limits of deterministic effects of radiation in some types of examination. This study monitors three core criteria related to the radiation burden in the set of 141 patients, which have undertaken different endovascular interventions. These criteria are: the dose area product (DAP), surface dose, and effective dosage. The relevant criterion was the value of DAP, read from the DAP meter directly during the examination. Other data were calculated. On basis of these results, this study tries to determine the strenuousness of singular examinations from the point of the radiation burden. It is the understanding the principles of the influencing the patient{\crq}s burden of the radiation in angiographic examinations, what can help in reducing the dosages. The analysis of this study results can help to prevent the occurrence of abnormal events during the examination.
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Nuclear tests and their implications for public health and environmental quality
FABIÁN, Lubomír
The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of past nuclear testing and draw some conclusions regarding its potential implications on public health. The introduction presents all kinds of nuclear tests, the history of nuclear testing with respect to particular countries, provides the description of the kinds of ionizing radiation and protection against it as well as the biological effects of ionizing radiation on tissue. There is a part devoted to international treaties in this field ? The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, The Threshold Test Ban Treaty and The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The summary of the number, the yield and the geographical distribution of the past atmospheric nuclear tests follows. There is an explanation of the global fallout mechanism of the radionuclides released, the estimates of emitted doses and the relationship between these doses and their probability of inducing cancer in the human body. The objective of this work is to make an assessment of the contribution of doses originating from nuclear testing to total population doses (irradiation) and subsequently quantify health implications for the population. The method of achieving this is based on calculating theoretical estimation of cancer incidence from known effective doses commitments and in comparison with those real incidences raised by all the different sources and reasons in world areas chosen, derived from the statistical data gathered from scientific studies and publications of international organizations involved. The outcome of this work is the confirmation of the first hypothesis that nuclear testing has statistic impact on enhancing the frequency of cancer disorders on the world population; however this is relatively small with respect to the other sources of radiation and a rate of naturally spontaneous (non-radiation-induced) cancer occurrence. Also the second hypothesis that underground nuclear tests have significantly smaller influence on public health and environment quality than the other kinds of nuclear tests is acknowledged.
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Renal colic - Intravenous excretory urography versus Native examination of uropoetic´s system on spiral CT
CHALUPOVÁ, Dana
Renal colic - intravenous excretion urography versus native examination of the uropoietic system using a spiral CT scan This thesis presents a comparison of two imaging techniques that are most frequently indicated for diagnosis of renal colic. These are intravenous excretion urography and native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan. By comparing the following aspects, I would like to contribute to the complete elimination of the indication of intravenous excretion urography and replace it with spiral CT scanning. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan is more beneficial and more suitable both for the diagnosis and for the patient. Within the thesis, I also compare the aspects of radiation burden, time and financial requirements and last but not least the overall burden on the patient over the course of the examination. The comparison was performed by calculating a typical effective dose in a sample of fifty patients examined by intravenous excretion urography and fifty patients examined by spiral CT scan. The results are shown in graph format. These results did not confirm the hypothesis that the radiation burden is lower in spiral CT scanning. The doses determined in my thesis are up to three times higher in the CT scan. In financial terms, both imaging techniques have been evaluated as almost comparable and the price of the examination should not influence selection of the method. Spiral CT scanning is much more beneficial when comparing the time needed for performance of the two techniques. The results pertaining to the radiation burden for patients during spiral CT scanning suggest how important the radiology assistant?s ability is in influencing the size of the effective dose by the proper selection and inspection of the exposure parameters when selecting the examination protocol. This statement is further strengthened when comparing the results of this work with those of foreign studies, where the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scanning was one to four times lower than my results of effective doses. The effective doses obtained were close to the effective doses determined during intravenous excretion urography. The objective of this Bachelor's thesis is to outline the possibilities for reducing the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scan.
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Comparsion of the Classical Catheter Angiography and CTAG; the Benefits and Deficiencies of Both Methods, including Radiation Load
BLAHNÍKOVÁ, Kateřina
The title of this Bachelor{\crq}s Thesis is Comparison of the Classical Catheter Angiography and CTAG; the Benefits and Deficiencies of Both Methods, including Radiation Load. I carried out the comparison in the area of positives and negatives of these methods, related risks and mainly in the area of patient radiation load, which is the subject of the research. The first part deals with brief characteristics of anatomy and vascular system physiology, introduction to both methods, including a chapter dedicated to contrast media and a brief description of radiation protection. When defining the benefits, deficiencies and potential risks I came to a conclusion that there cannot be unequivocally recommended just one method, for both methods provide different advantages and therefore the final decision must be made by the doctor. To assess patient radiation load I used data from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009 of patients, who underwent an examination of brain blood vessels in České Budějovice Hospital. To carry out the comparison it was necessary to convert the results into an effective dose. In case of CTAG I made the calculation using a literature available coefficient. For classical catheter angiography I used the version 1.5 PCXMC program. Due to a lack of data (e.g. the angle of a primary beam incidence) the calculation made was only approximate. To find out the occurred error I used data of patients examined from 8 March to 23 March 2010. The consequent statistical data assessment showed that the CTAG method represents bigger radiation exposure for human organism than classical catheter angiography, which proved the hypothesis. In connection with the lack of data regarding the carried out classical catheter angiography I would consider keeping a larger amount of data beneficial for potential calculation of an effective dose. All data required for an accurate calculation of an effective dose can currently be obtained only during the examination.
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