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Dopad intenzity hospodaření na přirozené predátory škůdců ovocných dřevin
Surovcová, Martina
Capture of studied organisms was conducted from April to September in 2016, from two representative areas, bio gardens and intensive orchards. All areas are in the district of Vsetín (region of Zlín). Apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees, plum trees were shaken in organic orchards. In intensive orchards were shaken only plum trees. At each site, 10 suitable tree species were chosen as representative, where insects and spiders were shaken. 875 specimens were collected. The largest group in six orchards systems was spiders, which was found 683 specimens. The most frequent group was Philodromus sp., Philodromus albidus, Philodromus dispar, Philodromus cespitum, Nigma flavescens, Phylloneta impressa, Nuctenea umbratica, Anyphaena accentuata. The useful insect in the studied material was 192 specimens. The largest number of spiders were in ecological orchards, with a total of 470 specimens collected, useful organisms were collected in number of 106 specimens, from which the largest number was from the family Coccinellidae 54 specimens. In addition, about 30 specimens were collected from the family Formicidae and Anthrocoridae. In intensive orchards the spider abundance was lower 214 specimens were collected. Useful organisms the appeared in smaller numbers and were collected 86 specimens. The most numerous families were Coccinellidae (38 specimens). It can be concluded from the results that in organic orchards with a heterogeneous tree species, species diversity is much higher than in more intensive crops, where species diversity and abundance have a decreasing tendency with a significantly weaker overall diversity of natural antagonists. The results of this research applied on fruit trees in orchards can also be related to parks, gardens, or arboretums and other public greenery, because in these biotopes there is generally a considerable species diversity of spiders and antagonists of the class of insects, which is, however, prone to various interventions and intensity economy. This may impair their functional significance in terms of biological control of pests.
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Hmyzí škůdci zahrady v intravilánu města Brna
Langová, Melanie
During the year 2018, the occurrence of pests was monitored in the garden by pheromone traps for Cydia funebrana and Cydia molesta, by yellow spheric traps for Rhagoletis cerasi. For the other species of pests, visual inspection was chosen. The flight period of Cydia funebrana started on 1st May. The flight achieved its maximum during period, which lasted from 27th to 30th June. The last individual was found on 7th September. Totally 114 individuals were caught. The first individual of Cydia molesta was registered on 28th April. The maximum flight was from the 9th to 12th June and the last individual was found on 10th September. Totally 126 individuals were caught. The flight period of Rhagoletis cerasi started on 13th May and maximum was reached from the 10th to 17th June. Totally 87 individuals were caught. On 19th April some species of aphids on different woods were found, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Aphis grossulariae, Cryptomyzus ribis and Aphis pomi.
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Sezónní dynamika a početnost nesytky jabloňové a nesytky rybízové v okolí Lysic
Pavlíčková, Kristýna
The pheromone traps for monitoring of seasonal dynamic and abundance of apple clearwing (Synanthedon myopaeformis Borkhausen, 1789) and currant clearwing moth (Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk, 1759) has been used near the town Lysice from May to August of the year 2017. During the experiment, their occurrence was compared in intensively (Lysice) and extensively (Lažany) cultivated areas with currants and orchards of apple trees, where older and younger plants are cultivated. In Lažany the flight activity of the males was studied also during the day. In the winter of 2017 and 2018 the occurrence of currant clearwing moth caterpillars was evaluated in the shoots of the currant. At both localities 223 individuals of apple clearwings and 281 individuals of currant clearwings moth were caught. The greater abundance both species was found in intensively cultivated areas on older and damaged host plants. Males of apple clearwing flew to the pheromone traps from 26th May to 9th August, they were caught in the highest abundance around 20th July. Males of currant clearwing moth flew to the pheromone traps from 31st May to 28th July, with a maximum abundance around of 10th July, The adults of both species were intercepted from 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. The males of apple clearwing moth were caught in the highest abundance at 11:00 a.m. and at 1:00 p.m. The males of currant clearwing moth were caught in the high abundance at 12:00 a.m. During the winter control only one living caterpillar of currant clearwing moth was found. On the plants no damage caused by the examined species clearwings was found, and therefore no pest control is required.
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Možnosti ochrany slivoní (Prunus sp.) proti pilatce švestkové (Hoplocampa minuta Christoph) a pilatce žluté (Hoplocampa flava L.)
Špetová, Veronika
Hoplocampa minuta and H. flava are major pests of plum, they harms nearly every year and cause litter unripe fruit. They cause more than 90 % fruit. They prefer early variety of plum trees. Their bionomics is very similar, H. flava is termophilic. Synthetic insecticides based on pyrethroids (alfa-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and etofenprox) and neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and thiacloprid) are registered in 2016. The advantage of synthetic insecticides is the high efficiency, the disadvantage of negative effects on the environment. Extract from wood exotic plant Quassia amara is designed for organic production. This extract has a low negative effect on the natural antagonist. Optimal term application is since time when more than 50% of the eggs will appear red to brown eyes of embryo to hatching of the first crawler. Biological control is to support beneficial organisms, first of all Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, sowing flowering plants on the edge of an orchard and between rows, planting less infected varieties of plum. Preventive measures include choice of habitat, recommended varieties and rootstocks, planting systems, fertilization, pruning and shaping. The larvae and pupae in the soil can be killed by rooting soil under the plum tree.
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Apple dormant bud cryopreservation: Methodology
Bilavčík, Alois ; Faltus, Miloš ; Zámečník, Jiří
In the Czech Republic, ex situ and in vitro conservation is used for apple tree germplasm conservation. In relation to the strategy of maintenance of broad genetic potential of apple tree, there is a necessity to preserve genotypes by storage at ultralow temperatures – cryoconservation. Based on broad spectrum of apple cultivars, an optimised dormant bud cryopreservation protocol was developed. The developed cryoprotocol enables to establish a safe backup storage system for ex situ and in vitro collections of apple tree germplasm. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic is the user of this methodology and it will utilize it in the framework of “National Programme on Conservation and Utilization of Plant, Animal and Microbial Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture”.
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Řez ovocných dřevin a jeho vliv na kvalitu plodů
Povolná, Alexandra
The aim of the thesis was to describe the pruning as an essential element of agricultural technology, its functions and modes of operation. Describe further pruning from the viewpoint of reducing fruit set, what are the possibilities and practical use for this purpose. Emphasize and explain when and how the fruit tree pruning is used to increase the quality of fruit for each fruit species.
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Škodlivost obalečů na slivoních a jabloních na ošetřovaných a neošetřovaných dřevinách
Pražanová, Žaneta
The occurrence of Cydia pomonella and Grapholita funebrana was observed in 2015, in the village Újezd u Černé Hory near Blansko. Monitoring was performed at two study areas. Pheromone traps were used for monitoring. Cydia pomonella and Grapholita funebrana were detected on the both study areas. C. pomonella was occurred from 10th May to 6th September and G. funebrana was occurred from 4th May to 6th September. Totally 113 individuals of C. pomonella and 221 individuals of G. funebrana were caught on the treated trees. Totally 141 individuals of C. pomonella and 251 individuals of G. funebrana were caught on the untreated trees. In the one pheromone traps were caught 15 individuals C. pomonella, 13th June and 21 individuals G. funebrana, 1st August.
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Araneofauna dutin ovocných dřevin v okolí obce Želetice
Bělohoubek, Jiří
The main target of my bachelor thesis was to measuring the frequency of spiders in the cavities of fruit trees around the village Želetice, their species composition and compare the results by different kinds of fruit trees in the study area. Spiders've fielded in card-board or newspaper traps for a year, always at monthly intervals and a total of 83 I found spiders, of which 9 were adult. For juveniles, the most represented family Phi-lodromidae and most frequent representative adults is Lepthyphantes leprosus. The most abundant month was November 2015, and most individuals was found on Malus domestica namely 48.8% of all spiders.
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Inventarizace a hodnocení ovocných stromů v katastru města Kroměříž
Posolda, Viktor
This thesis deals with the inventory and subsequent evaluation of commonly grown fruit trees, according to the methodology AOPK, which proved itself in practice. Further, the evaluation used a classic 9-point scale Fruit. It was selected 30 model trees. Selected trees were designed arboristické and fruit growing interventions. After a field survey methodology was created to evaluate habitat conditions and its subsequent application to selected trees. The results of this methodology were compared with the state of health of trees. Further, according to the results of the inventory identified species suitable and less suitable for urban environments.
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