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Attitudes and options of nurses in the care of methanol poisoned patients (theoretical thesis)
DVOULETÁ, Zuzana
Methanol poisoning usually comes to the forefront of both professional and general public interest at times, when there is a larger outbreak, outside of these periods these cases appear sporadically. They occur in the whole world, in the developed countries as well as in the developing ones, independently of any restriction on the consumption of alcoholic beverages by the state. In Czech society this topic came to surface especially in 2012, when as a result of methanol intoxication the minimum of 50 people died and many more suffer permanent damage. The trickiness of methanol lies in the fact, that it is not possible to recognize it from ethanol in an alcoholic drink or in any other mixture. Most often it penetrates the organism by way of ingestion; it can also be absorbed through the skin or by inhalation. Methanol itself is not toxic; its metabolites (formaldehyde and formic acid) however present a problem. Typical symptoms include visual disturbances, deepening metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap and damage to basal ganglia, particularly the putamen. The intoxication is further accompanied by a range of nonspecific symptoms such as stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, impairment of consciousness and cognitive functions. The gravity of the intoxication depends on the amount of ingested methanol and on the mixing ratio with ethanol. Therapy consists of administering specific antidotes ethanol or fomepizole, modifying of the internal environment, continuous or intermittent hemodialysis, if necessary and allowed by the patient's condition and in supportive treatment for maintaining the stability of vital functions. Nursing care has an unreplaceable role in treatment of these patients. Nurses come to contact with these patients in every sector of healthcare, they take part in admission, stabilization and monitoring of vital functions, they tend to the invasions as well as to maximal psychic and physical comfort of the patient. They take part in rehabilitation and also help patients returning into normal life. This thesis deals with the properties of methanol, its production and toxicity, it explores methanol intoxication, its symptoms and sequelae, diagnostics and therapy as well as nursing care in detail. It follows the role of nurses of all the sectors of health care in managing all the stages of the intoxication with emphasis on selected nursing activities in the intensive, standard or aftercare. The thesis concludes with 4 documented case studies. The aim of this thesis was to process the information collected on this topic into a complex and current overview of knowledge on methanol poisoning and the possibilities of dealing with it all of the phases of the poisoning including the aftercare of the patients who were affected. A summary of procedures and variations thereof was acquired on the theoretical basis of Czech and foreign sources such as books, renowned periodicals in paper or electronic form and by means of web sites of professional societies. The sum of knowledge this thesis provides can serve for teaching needsor continuing education of healthcare workers concerning diagnostics, therapy and management of the sequelae of this intoxication with special emphasis on the possibilities of nurse´s intervention in any of the phases of it, or to provide base for further research in this area.
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Problematika otrav volně žijících ptáků karbofuranem
Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita, Fakulta veterinární hygieny a ekologie, Ústav biologie a chorob volně žijících zvířat, Brno ; Mrlík, Vojtěch
Karbofuran: složení, použití, přípravky používané v České republice a způsoby aplikace. Toxicita: účinky, důsledky, hodnoty toxicity, ovlivnění toxického účinku látky, toxicita u savců, u ptáků, ovlivnění toxického účinku látky, metabolismus - odbourání, klinické příznaky otravy. Výsledky rozborů: Materiál a metodika, ohledání mrtvých těl, rentgenologické vyšetření, pitevní vyšetření, chemické vyšetření. Zhodnocení výsledků vlastních analýz: objektivní stanovisko, účinek mírné dávky karbofuranu, letální následky po pozření intoxikované návnady, indicie svědčící pro otravu karbofuranem. Závažnost karbofuranu jako prostředku používaného k trávení volně žijících živočichů: kvantitativní a kvalitativní charakteristika otrav, záměrné trávení volně žijících zvířat, spektrum trávených živočichů, otrava vzácných a ohrožených druhů zvířat.
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CHILDREN´S PERCEPTION OF PREVENTION AND INJURY AND INTOXICATION RISKS
KOŽENÁ, Martina
At present, there is a high number of epidemiologic studies dealing with children´s injuries and intoxication but children´s view seemed to be interesting to be focused. The aim of this Diploma work has been to provide readers with a children´s view of injuries and intoxication, their perception of risks and the knowledge of prevention.
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The Socioeconomic Status of Parents of Children Hospitalised Due to Injury in the Paediatric Ward
MIKEŠOVÁ, Jana
Accidents pose a significant problem of public health care systems. According to statistical data more than five million people die of accident injuries worldwide. Currently, the accident issue has enjoyed a special attention. Injuries of children are considered the most severe enemy and at the same time the most frequent death cause in children and young adults and the third most frequent cause of death in the population as a whole. In the Czech Republic, accident injuries result in 300 child deaths and 3000 permanently handicapped in a year. In my diploma work I have focussed on accidents at an early age, which currently occur more a more frequently. My research has dealt with children who tend to be prone to accident risks. The objective of my paper has been to monitor the circumstances of child accidents in the course of the calendar year 2010 in children staying in the paediatric ward and to find out whether the socio-economic status of a particular family has an impact on the accident circumstances. The theoretical section of my work contains a description of the individual accidents which are typical for the population of children and the practical section consists of an evaluation of statistical data, which I have collected using secondary data analysis and case studies of children staying at hospital as well as a questionnaire interview of parents. The quantitative research shows that the most frequent cause of a hospital stay of patients in the Paediatric Ward of the Český Krumlov Hospital in the course of 2010, as a result of an accident, were falls, fractures, contusions without head injury, the second most frequent cause of a hospital stay were head and brain injuries, the third place was occupied by injuries of the body surface (wounds, skin abrasions, bruises). It has been found that the most frequent accident occurrence circumstances are connected with children´s play without the supervision of their parents, then accidents occurring in relationship with sports activities and finally traffic accidents (bikers and in-line skaters). Based on testing the hypotheses, the research has further shown that the socio-economic factors or the family status tend to have an impact on the circumstance under which the accident happened.
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