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Basic Aspects of Population Protection against Consequences of Chemical Terrorism in the Czech Republic
Drápal, Stanislav ; Hradil, Jaroslav (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
The theme of my bachelor work is The basic aspect of population protection against conseqences of chemical terrorism in the Czech Republic. In my bachelor work, I drew from home and foreign sources over the past ten years. The opening part of my work deals of basic concepts relating to terrorism and its branches. It states some case studies of terrorist attacks against civil inhabitants with the aid of chemical agents. The middle part engages in a characteristic and dividing of particular chemical warfare agents and dangerous toxic chemical agents. There are stated lawful norms and measures used in the Czech Republic. Also processes of medical sectors Emergency Rescue System in provision of pre-hospital urgent care in cases of mass impairment of health. In closing I analyse preparedness of inhabitants in the Czech Republic to possibility of a chemical terrorist attack and I suggest a handbook „The danger of a chemical attack“ to civil inhabitants.
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History and Present Status of the Chemical Weapons
Virglerová, Kateřina ; Doležel, Ludvík (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
In the first part, this bachelor thesis deals with the history of chemical weapons from the high antiquity to present. In the next part, the thesis concentrates on the international Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (1993) with a special focus on the current status of its implementation in the area of the destruction of chemical weapons and chemical warfare agents. The final part of the thesis is aimed at the current national regulations on the prohibition of chemical weapons and at the implementation of these measures in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The control activity of the State Office for Nuclear Safety is evaluated primarily and its possible improvement is suggested.
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Hazardous Chemical Substances and Preparations
Lacina, Petr ; Adamec, Vladimír (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor‘s thesis is to present a brief and current summary of hazardous chemical substances based on simultaneous laws in force. It introduces basic information and data on industrial hazardous chemical substances and basic characteristics of chemical warfare agents. This thesis also deals with documentation related to solutions for emergency events in connection with hazardous chemical agent escape – type plans, methodical sheets. The work results in a proposal for another methodical sheet focused on interventions of concrete hazardous chemical substance escape, i.e. hydrogen chloride. In this way the proposal can extend the methodical sheets for chlorine and ammonia currently in use. This thesis also presents list of toxic chemical, industrial and warfare substances for working up another methodical sheets.
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Means for automatic administration of antidotes (autoinjectors)against nerve agents
JONÁŠ, Jindřich
This thesis is dedicated to the topic of the nerve agents with special emphasis on antidotal treatment utilizing application of the auto-injectors. Two methods were used ? literature research and quantitative research. Since this topic covers plenty of information as regards chemical warfare agents and in particular nerve agents these issues were addressed in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the chapter on current status based on literature resources a summary of evolution of the auto-injector is presented; from firsts notes until the situation today. Practical part of the thesis is concentrated on University of Southern Bohemia in ČeskéBudějovice, Faculty of Health and Social Studies students' knowledge in the area of nerve agents. The results of the research were acquired by the method of quantitative research ? questionnaires with 18 questions. With respect to each of the questions a selection of the 2 to 7 answers was offered to the students, whereas in every case only 1 answer was correct. The results were analyzed both with reference to each of the questions and with reference to each of the students. By this method it has been discovered that the respondents have a good knowledge in the area of nerve agents. Furthermore, the practical part of the thesis included an experiment concerning speed with which the respondents were able to apply antidotum with a training auto-injector by themselves with no prior instructions in comparison to how quickly they were able to do the same after being instructed. By this method were tested the quality of the instructions provided to the auto-injectors and its ergonomic qualities (intuitiveness of its application). Recorded times were statistically analyzed and the results, although materially different, were assessed as satisfactory.
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Chemical weapons experiments on humans
MLEJNEK, Miroslav
Chemical weapons are justly considered by the human society as the oldest type of weapons of mass destruction. Unfortunately the same human society has continued to apply and further develop the ancient principles of use of combat chemical substances. The current world, despite all the humanistic efforts to terminate the history of this type of weapons, continues to be physically threatened by their abuse. I must say that studies of the history of chemical weapons are very demanding and comprehensive. The whole process of historic development of these combat means is interconnected by multiple relations and circumstances and unfortunately has been the source of a lot of inconceivable human suffering. That is why I decided to take the courage and thread the path leading to a look back at the past, for I believe that such a retrospective not only reveals stories that are already buried in the distant past and are not needed any more, but also leads to understanding the present, learning a lesson from past mistakes and acquiring a humble approach to life. On the basis of studies of the many available resources I tried to submit in my diploma thesis a complex summary of current as well as historic knowledge of combat chemical substances, their research and testing on humans. While the issue of chemical weapons and wars as such is paid a lot of attention, the issue of chemical weapon testing on people has still been a marginal theme. The abovementioned facts inspired this thesis and I believe that my diploma theses might be beneficial for its readers. My greatest desire and aim was to present to the readers the historic path of application and the related research and testing of chemical weapons. I hope I have processed the theme to be better understandable to the reader, both professional and lay. I tried to proceed systematically and make my thesis interesting to enrich not only me but also its readers.
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The history of chemical wars
HORKÁ, Jana
Chemical weapons count among the weapons of mass destruction. In addition to chemical weapons, also nuclear and biological weapons belong here. Historically, chemical weapons rank among the oldest ones. Their initial steps were made in the distant past, even if they were not called so then. However, the initial utilization of chemical agents against human force is more connected with fire. It was used for protection against attacks of animals as well as people. Later on it was used to protect or capture towns and fortifications. The most extensive use of chemical weapons in war occurred during World War I. A large number of chemical substances was tested, the most important being phosgene. In 1917, German army used vesicant yperite near the town of Ypres. The development of chemical warfare agents continued also after the year 1918. During World War II, chemical weapons were practically not used. If it happened, then on the secondary fronts only. The main reason was the fear of possible retaliation. From 1939 to 1945, huge amounts of chemical warfare agents were made. Towards the end of the war this stockpile amounted to approximately 400 000 tonnes. After World War II, a new stage of chemical armament has begun. The greatest attention was concentrated on nerve agents, sarin, soman and agent VX. Chemical warfare agents have been further used also after the year 1945. In the not so distant past, Iraq used nerve-paralyzing agents and yperite during the Iran-Iraq War (1980 {--} 1988). Last but not least, the use of chemical warfare agents for terrorist purposes is to be mentioned. In January 1993, the global fight against chemical weapons culminated in signing of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction. Under this Convention, chemical weapons were to be liquidated until the year 2007. States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention which did not comply with this deadline have asked for prolongation of the final deadlines for chemical weapons liquidation until 29 April 2012. The question remains if even this prolongation will fulfil the goal of the Convention {--} to ensure a world without chemical weapons. Until the time when the stockpiles of chemical weapons are completely liquidated their possible misuse cannot be excluded. The states which have not joined the Convention as yet and own limited stockpiles of chemical weapons can use them.
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The protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances
MARYŠKA, Václav
The protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances My Bachelor Thesis on the topic Protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part I deal with development of population protection in the CR, as the basic element of population protection against dangerous substances, its differentiation and its basic tasks, then I describe types and examples of emergency events (terrorist attack, release of dangerous substances in the atmosphere in relation to the population behaviour principles). The practical part is aimed at investigation of awareness of inhabitants of protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances. The aim of my work is to confirm or to disprove the following hypotheses. Citizens have sufficient opportunities to get familiarized with the issue of protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances. Citizens know the principles of correct behaviour in emergency events. The next aim is to compile material providing summarized information on the principles of population behaviour in emergency situation involving harmless substance release, to specification of the possible most frequent and most dangerous substances, their main effects and basic features applied in accidents, to explain some basic ways of warning labelling of dangerous substances. The elaborated material will be offered to teachers of these issues for use in education according to the Ministry of Education Instruction No. 12050/03-22 of 4 March 2003. The questionnaire form was used for elaboration of the practical part. The questionnaire consisted of twenty-five questions. The first four ones are aimed at the characteristics of the examined sample of respondents (sex, age, education, place of residence size). The following questions were already aimed at investigation of awareness of South Bohemian Region inhabitants of protection of population in case of terrorist attack which includes the release of dangerous substances. The research was performed in January and February 2007. 120 questionnaires were distributed. The research target group consisted of South Bohemian Region inhabitants. 120 randomly selected respondents participated in the research. The results of the practical part prompt that citizens have sufficient opportunities to get familiarized with the issues of population protection. There are enough sources of information nowadays, just to use them. We may say to the second hypothesis that according to my research citizens have basic information on the principles of correct proceeding in case of emergency events. However their awareness is not at the sufficient level. I believe that this thesis will contribute to enlargement of knowledge of population protection, which might substantially influence behaviour of people in case of dangerous substance release or a terrorist attack.
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