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Pharmaceuticals in drinking water and their removal
Benešová, Tereza ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Vašatová, Petra (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the presence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water and their effective removal. The first part of the thesis describes in detail the pathway by which pharmaceuticals enter surface waters that can serve as a source for drinking water. In the Czech Republic, these are sources of drinking water for Prague and its surroundings. Because filtration, flocculation/coagulation is not efficient enough, it removes only 20% of the drugs such as ibalgin, carbamazepine, naproxen and diclofenac. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement drinking water treatment plants with other processes such as adsorption on activated carbon, which removes up to 98%, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes, with an efficiency of up to 99%, and UV/chlorine removes up to 80% of pharmaceuticals. I found that monitoring of pharmaceuticals in drinking water is not systematic and there is a lack of setting of possible limits. The Želivka water treatment plant was found to carry out tests for pharmaceuticals only once a year, which I consider insufficient. I think that it is advisable to carry out more frequent analyses of medicines in drinking water in order to have a continuous overview of the situation. In addition, there are no long-term studies examining the effect of medicines in drinking water...
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Jar Test Methodology for Water Treatment Optimization
Pivokonský, Martin ; Pivokonská, Lenka ; Vašatová, Petra ; Načeradská, Jana
The methodology is intended for water treatment plant (WTP) operators and serves as a basic guideline for an optimization of the coagulation process in water treatment. It describes the jar test procedure, which allows the determination of the optimum operating conditions of coagulation, i.e., type and dose of the coagulant and coagulation pH value, needed for reaching the highest treatment efficiency. The publication further contains a supplementary part with tables for conversion of molar to mass concentration (and vice versa) of coagulants, instructions for diluting coagulants and reagents for pH adjustment and examples of jar test data recording, processing and evaluation.
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Optimization of laboratory procedures for effective water treatment plant operation
Pivokonský, Martin ; Vašatová, Petra ; Petříček, Radim ; Pivokonská, Lenka ; Novotná, Kateřina
This scientific report has been realized within a TACR project (no. TJ01000169) of the ZÉTA programme aimed at supporting applied research. The report is intended for water treatment plant (WTP) operators and serves as a basic guideline for optimization of the coagulation process in water treatment. In the first part of the report, a methodology of jar tests is briefly described. Conducting the jar test is fundamental for an effective control over the coagulation step in WTP operation. Jar tests are necessary for a determination of the optimum operating conditions of coagulation, i.e., type and dose of the coagulant and coagulation pH value, needed for reaching the highest treatment efficiency. The other part of the report summarizes and evaluates the results of jar test optimization conducted at the WTP in Kutná Hora, and recommendations for optimization of the WTP operation are suggested. Economic aspects of the optimization are then discussed in a separate section.
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The influence of flocculation conditions (global shear rate and time) on the shape and structure of formed aggregates and the efficiency of their separation by sedimentation and filtration
Pivokonský, Martin ; Vašatová, Petra ; Pivokonská, Lenka ; Petříček, Radim ; Filipenská, Monika
A summary research report on the influence of hydrodynamic conditions of flocculation (the intensity of mixing, residence time, etc.) on the property of the aggregates (size, shape, structure, etc.), that have a major impact on the separation steps (sedimentation, filtration) during water treatment. The report will be used by the water treatment plants with the technology of high intensity flocculation.
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Influence of organic matter on the character of aggregates formed during coagulation/flocculation process in dringing water treatment
Filipenská, Monika ; Pivokonská, Lenka ; Vašatová, Petra ; Pivokonský, Martin
Characteristics of aggregates (size, shape, density and porosity) affect separation efficiency. These characteristics come from properties of impurities (molecular weight and structure, charge density, affinity to water, etc.), coagulation parameters (pH, type and concentration of coagulants, etc.) and by physical conditions (shear rate and time of mixing). In this work, we describe relations between the size of aggregates and shear rate and moreover dependency on the characteristics of coagulated compounds. In order to understand dependency on compounds, flocs formed by kaolinite, Algal Organic Matter (AOM) and a mixture of the same were studied. There was found aggregates are bigger and more porous when AOM is present. The most striking result is that aggregates size changes in dependence on shear rate are not smooth in progress. A rapid change for the kaolinite-coagulant suspension and two rapid changes for the suspensions containing AOM were observed. These were attributed to various intermolecular interactions between floc components participating in coagulation at the different shear rate.
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Optimization of drinking water treatment with double-stage separation of suspension
Pařík, Radim ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Vašatová, Petra (referee)
This diploma thesis is aimed at the evaluation of the efficiency of surface water treatment technology in water treatment plant U svaté Trojice (Kutná Hora, Vrchlice reservoir). The plant performs destabilisation of impurities by coagulant aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3 . 18 H2O) followed by aggregation induced by mixing with perforated baffles. Suspension is removed by double-stage separation process by means of sedimentation and filtration. When increased concentrations of manganese occur in raw water, manganese is removed by means of oxidation by potassium permanganate. Firstly, the quality of raw water was analysed. Then, the reaction conditions for the effective destabilisation (pH, dose of coagulant) were set using the jar tests. Moreover, sedimentation analysis was used to evaluate the properties of formed suspension and the length of filter cycles was assessed. Measurements were conducted between September 2012 and February 2013. Average value of raw water pH was 7.3, alkalinity was 1.64 mmol/l. DOC concentrations during September and October 2012 were equal to 6.7 mg/l and during November 2012 - February 2013 were 7.6 mg/l. Very low concentrations of aluminium (< 0.02 mg/l) were ascertained throughout the whole period investigated. Results of the jar tests showed that the optimum pH for...
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