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Current treatment options of intestinal and extra-intestinal amebiasis.
Pastyříková, Aneta ; Nohýnková, Eva (advisor) ; Stejskal, František (referee)
Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the pathogenic intestinal amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, which multiplies as a minute form in the human lumen of the colon. Under not yet defined conditions, the minute form can be transformed into a magna form that attacks the colon wall and is able to spread out of the intestine by blood and infect internal organs, especially the liver. Amoebiasis is primarily treated with chemotherapeutics, which are divided into luminal and tissue depending on the site of action. Luminal drugs target the stages of E.histolytica in the lumen of the intestine and are therefore used to treat asymptomatic and symptomatic forms of intestinal amoebiasis. Tissue drugs, especially the 5-nitroimidazole derivative, metronidazole, which is the drug of choice in the treatment of amoebiasis, penetrate the tissues and are used to treat invasive intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. If chemotherapy is ineffective or there is a risk of rupture of abscess and sepsis, surgical treatment is performed. This thesis summarizes therapeutic approaches to individual clinical forms of amoebiasis, possibilities of chemotherapy at present, but also before the use of 5-nitroimidazole derivates, and alternatives to current drugs. Key words Intestinal amebae of humans, Entamoeba histolytica,...
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Maintenance of chromosomes integrity in Giardia intestinails as a model organism.
Uzlíková, Magdalena ; Nohýnková, Eva (advisor) ; Lalle, Marco (referee) ; Stejskal, František (referee)
Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan causing diarrhea worldwide. Beside its medical importance, it is evolutionary distant protist with two nuclei within a cell adapted for parasitic life in the environment poor of oxygen. Its genome is small and compact in term of gene content and size. It is therefore an attractive model organism for studies of minimal requirements for cellular processes. Present work brings new partial information on different levels of chromosome integrity maintenance of this parasite. Our study presents characteristics of chromosome termini and their protection. We localized telomeres during all stages of the trophozoite cell cycle and determined the length of Giardia telomeres ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 kb, we proved an existence of an active telomerase enzyme synthesizing telomeric repeats in in this parasite, despite the fact that giardial telomerase is structurally divergent. Present data support the view that the chromosomal termini in Giardia are maintained in a conservative manner that is common to other eukaryotes. We described effects of commonly used drug for treatment of anaerobic infections, metronidazole, on DNA and cell cycle progression in susceptible and resistant cell lines. Incubation of cells with this drug causes phosphorylation of histone H2A in cell nuclei...
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Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infections caused by free-living amoebae pathogenic to humans
Štofaniková, Petra ; Nohýnková, Eva (advisor) ; Stejskal, František (referee)
Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoebae which rarely cause human infections. N. fowleri induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly among children and young adults. B. mandrillaris is the causative agent of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis and skin lesions with complicated healing. Amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba are the ethiologic agent of focal granulomatous encephalitis. Its clinical presentation is almost the same as in Balamuthia encephalitis, but it occures mainly in immunocompromised patients. It can also affect lungs and skin. The infection of central nervous system usually has a fatal end. In immunocompetent people Acanthamoeba keratitis can occur. Unproper use of contact lenses or trauma of the cornea represents increased risk level. Without correct treatment Acanthamoeba keratitis can lead to sight loss. In all infections caused by free-living amoebae, early diagnosis and initialisation of effective therapy are essential for better prognosis. This thesis discusses contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these infections.
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