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Zjišťování potenciálu chemických látek používaných k ochraně proti ultrafialovému záření (UV filtrů) způsobovat anti-progestagenní aktivitu ve vodním prostředí
SMĚŠNÁ, Tereza
The substances used for protection against UV radiation (UV filters) are widely used in industry and also in personal care products. It has been reported from many countries around the world that they enter the aquatic environment. The presence of UV filters in surface waters can pose a risk to aquatic organisms. The aim of this thesis was to test a range of substances from the group of UV filters for anti-progestagenic activity, detect this activity in the aquatic environment, detect UV filters in the aquatic environment, and based on this information, evaluate the potential of organic UV filters to cause anti-progestagenic activity in the aquatic environment. In this thesis, 20 organic UV filters were tested with in vitro bioassay anti-PR-CALUX. In this bioassay cells were exposed to pure substances (UV filters) and reference substance mifepristone. Samples were taken by grab (active) sampling from wastewater treatment plant in Tábor and from surface waters (outdoor swimming pools and Lužnice River). Samples were extracted using solid phase extraction. These extracts from waste and surface waters were tested for progestagenic and anti-progestagenic activity with the (anti-)PR-CALUX bioassay and the concentrations of UV filters were measured using mass spectrometry in the extracts. Samples were also tested for cytotoxicity with the resazurin reduction assay. Nine organic UV filters have shown anti-progestagenic activity, but compared to the reference substance, the activities exhibited by UV filters were several orders of magnitude lower. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, and octocrylene were the most potent anti-progestagens. Progestagenic activity was not found at any of the sites. Anti-progestagenic activity was found in 60% of the environmental extracts, and the concentrations ranged from 2.6 to 4.5 ng/L equivalents of mifepristone. Anti-progestagenic activity was detected in the influent of wastewater into the treatment plant, in the recipient of the Lužnice River, and in ponds used for fish farming and also as outdoor swimming pools, namely the Podroužek and Štilec ponds. Thirteen organic UV filters were identified by chemical analysis at the tested sites. The UV filters octocrylene and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate were found in the highest concentrations, these two UV filters contributed the most to the overall anti-progestagenic activity. At the wastewater treatment plant influent, UV filters contributed 49% to the total anti-progestagenic activity. In the recipient of the Lužnice River and outdoor swimming pools, the contribution of UV filters to this activity was very small, which means that this activity in surface waters will be caused by the occurrence of other substances than in wastewater. In ponds, it can be assumed that wastewater treatment plants will not be the source of these substances. Further research should be aimed at detecting the impact of the occurrence of organic UV filters in the aquatic environment on organisms, but also at identifying substances causing anti-progestagenic activity in the aquatic environment.
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