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Biologický vliv antropogenních polutantů přítomných v recipientech komunálních odpadních vod
PHAM, Thai Giang
Sewage treatment plant (STP) plays the important role to protect aquatic environment from anthropogenic pollution. However, recently, STP effluent discharge has been reported to contain a wide range of contaminants. Moreover, emerging contaminants such as PPCPs have been detected continuously. These compounds are commonly bioactive and their mode of action to non-target aquatic organism is unknown, especially, when they are present in a complex mixture. Therefore, concern about the effect of STP effluent on aquatic ecosystem has been raised. In this thesis, a wide range of emerging contaminants was measured with focus on pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs) and mass-spectrometry approach. Two native organisms, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) which are representative to each receiving aquatic recipients (static water - Cezarka pond and running water - Zivny stream) were used as models to investigate the effect of STP effluent on aquatic organisms. In both recipients, STP effluent discharge changed the hydrochemical factors such as temperature and nutrients which consequently impact aquatic organisms. Wide range of PPCPs was detected in each type of recipients. 62 and 53 PPCPs were detected in Cezarka pond and Zivny stream; they belong to different groups such as antibiotic, psychoactive compound, hypertension drugs, illicit drugs and etc. The highest concentration of total PPCPs in Cezarka pond and Zivny were 14000 ng/POCIS and 3860 ng/POCIS which is 45 and 36-folds higher than in control areas, respectively. Due to the favor condition such as temperature and nutrient factor, fish from STP affected recipients grown faster than fish from the control sites. However, change of biomarkers suggests toxic signs in fish from both STP affected area. In fact, the increasing detoxifying processes were seen with elevation of CYP1A and CYP3A, reflecting the variation of total PPCPs concentrations in STP affected area. The endocrine disruption signs were investigated in fish from STP affected sites with elevation of vitellogenin concentration in blood plasma/ vitellogenin gene expression in hepatic tissue, irregular structure in gonad tissue, and postpone of spawning season. Despite ongoing natural reproduction, the effect on final spawning success was not sufficiently studied. Additionally, biochemical parameters reflecting stress condition (oxidative stress parameters) and internal equilibrium (blood biochemical and hematological parameters), also showed the disturbance of fish health which may be linked to pollutants from STP effluent. Moreover, the changes of microorganism composition were not only evident in lotic environment but also in intestine of fish from STP affected site. Elevation of total fat content but lower amount of omega-3 fatty acids were observed in muscle of fish from affected site. This finding suggests that further studies related to meat quality are needed. This thesis reflects the effect of STP effluent discharge to aquatic environment in a realistic condition. Although fish were externally in good condition at the end of the experiment, wide range of emerging pollutant compounds in water and changes of biochemical endpoint investigated in the two experiments suggest that more measures need to be applied to further reduce the pollutants from STP before discharged to natural condition.
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