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Adaptation mechanism of nematodes for harsh condition survival
Čermáková, Petra ; Vadlejch, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kyriánová, Iveta Angela (referee)
Adaptation is a complex of mechanisms, thanks to which nematodes can endure unfavourable conditions. These can come from either external or internal environment. Which one would be dominating, depends on the exact lifestyle of a certain nematode e.g. nematodes living in free nature must deal with environmental changes, parasitic ones are influenced by viability of the host, but even in this case we cannot dismiss the role of environment. There is always a mutual bond between the parasite, host, and the environment. Nematodes usually resolve emergency situations in two ways. One way is to adapt to the new conditions so they can grow and reproduce. The other way is to choose an adaptation mechanism thanks to which nematodes will survive a threat temporarily. Adaptation mechanisms can vary between individual species or various stages of the same kind of nematodes. Universal adaptation behaviour among nematodes does not exist. Adaptation mechanisms of nematodes cause changes in their physiology, metabolism, morphology, development or growth, but also in their behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to gather information from academic literature and scientific articles and provide a closer description of nematodes and their most usual and important adaptation mechanisms. This is preceded by a general description of nematode biology for better understanding of the issue. Based on this information we can comprehend why nematodes are such a successful phylum. Nematodes can be also considered as pests having a negative impact on the economic and social sphere. Further knowledge of nematodes and their mechanisms of adaptation and exploration of their surprisingly resistant forms can lead to control their regulation.
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Cat parasites
Vošická, Kristýna ; Jankovská, Ivana (advisor) ; Kyriánová, Iveta Angela (referee)
The content of this bachelor thesis describes a different variety of cat parasites. This study discovers that the most infected group of the outdoor cats due to the fact that these animals are not provided with the same care as the household pets. Those cats are usually not vaccinated, not rid of worms, no one takes care of their fur and so they tend to become a host for the parasites. There are several kinds of parasites which attack cats. Among those belong the skin parasites like a cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) or follicle (Demodex). The most common endoparasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of cats is coccidia (Toxoplasma gondii). The secondary host of this parasite can be any warm-blooded vertebrates including a human host. The common host is a mouse which usually loses its shyness after infestation. This enables the parasite to move to the primary host which is a cat. Other parasites of cats are coccidia (Cystoisospora felis), megrims (Trematoda), nematodes (Nematoda) and dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum). The interesting thing is that a cat flea can be a carrier of a dog tapeworm.
The most common way of identification of a parasite is a coprological examination (examining the feces). This examination is utilized due to its fast results, however they are not 100 percent correct all the time. There have to be a multiple sample taken during a several days period, however still the parasite doesn´t have to be detected. The more accurate identification is the PCR method which is not only exact, but a costly way. In general, the best prevention begins with good sanitation procedures. This includes daily removal of feces from inside and outside of household as well. The important action is to get rid of worms on regular basis and to use a different method, since the parasite can become immune to a specific method. Other applicable precaution is to ensure the vaccination of a kitten which is repeated every year of cat´s life.
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The quality of water sources in the Czech Republic
Boháčová, Tereza ; Petrtýl, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kyriánová, Iveta Angela (referee)
The following bachelor thesis on the subject of The quality of water sources in the Czech Republic is supposed to introduce its readers to both historical development and current state of surface water quality in the Czech Republic. The works methodology is creation of a literature review of available scientific literature and especially Reports on surface water quality in particular river basins. The first part briefly describes Czech hydrological network and basic water quality indicators. The second part deals with the development of surface water quality in particular river basins. Another part of the work describes legal measures concerning surface water protection.
In the last century, surface water contamination was considered one of the biggest environmental problems in our country. Waste water flowing into surface water were not perfectly treated and often werent treated at all. Because of this and also because of intense industry development, surface water was highly polluted. It wasnt until 1989, when the surface water quality improved significantly, mainly due to reduction of contaminants discharge, waste water treatment plants and sewerage system construction and development. Main danger for quality of rivers after 1989 were floods in 1997 and 2002, during which water treatment plants outage were often and dangerous chemicals were leaking from factories.
The main finding of this work is the fact that quality of surface water in Czech Republic is much better than in the last century. However, it is still needed, that we focus on smaller rivers which are being endangered the most by discharge of contaminants from villages that dont have their own waste water treatment plants.
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Water quality in water reservoirs and possible sources of pollution
Slabá, Nela ; Petrtýl, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kyriánová, Iveta Angela (referee)
The Bachelor's thesis is divided into four main parts. The first part is an introduction to the topic of thesis and a description of basic terms, second part is composed of the hydrological network of the Czech Republic. There is a description of the five most important water reservoirs for individual basins of the Czech Republic and the division to individual plants. For each selected tank there is a hydrological and technical description and graphic representation of suitable profiles in the period 2009-2014. At the Vltava River Basin is described WR Švihov, WR Římov and WR Hracholusky. At the Elbe River Basin is described WR Vrchlice and WR Josefův důl. The Ohře River basin is managed by WR Horka, WR Přísečnice and WR Chřibská Kamenice. The Odra river basin is managed by WR Kružberk and Morava River Basin by WR Vír I., WR Karolinku and WR Opatovice. In this part there is also legislation related to the quality of drinking water, the description of the indicators, water quality and consumption requirements for the Czech Republic . The third part deals with the problems of pollution, the sources of pollution and there is especially mentioned eutrophication. The fourth part of the thesis is focused on the impact of climate on quality of drinking water. Conclusion evaluates the current state of the quality of drinking water in the Czech Republic and it can be concluded that the quality of drinking water is increasing due to the decline of pointed pollution and better water technologies.
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The occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes to anthelmintic drugs in goat herds
Císlerová, Markéta ; Vadlejch, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kyriánová, Iveta Angela (referee)
Parasitic nematodes are a cosmopolitan distribution group helminths causing the infections, which cause deterioration of health of infected animals. Frequent are indigestion e.g. diarrhea, dehydration, loss of appetite, but also to anemia. Gastrointestinal nematodes also have an impact on economic losses for farmers due to reduced production of milk and meat, the more difficult pregnancy rates, abortions, deaths during severe infections and high treatment costs. These consequences parasites worsen the overall welfare of animals, which should not be completely overlooked.
To eliminate gastrointestinal infections with broad use modern anthemintic of the following groups: benzimidazoles, imidazoles and macrocyclic lactones aminoacetonitrilové derivatives (AADs). AADs is a relatively new group of broad-spectrum anthlemintic. As an adjunct in the treatment available today increasingly researched, plants and their extracts anthelmintic effect.
After a few years since the introduction broad spectrum anthelmintic occurred first mention of resistance. Resistance is defined as the ability of the parasite to survive treatment with the recommended dose of anthelmintics that would normally be lethal to the parasite. Rapid development of resistance has caused particularly wrong drug administration procedures for the failure of the administration and also the fact that resistance is based genetic property. It is therefore very important along with the development of new effective drugs also strictly follow the prescribed procedures in the treatment.
Goats were previously treated with the same doses of anthelmintics like sheep and chronic administration of subtherapeutic doses of anthelmintic lead to faster development of resistance to anthelmintics. This was problematic, as it is known, goats have a faster metabolism and it contributed to the expansion resistance in goats.
The early detection resistance is needed to improve detection methods. Emphasis should be placed on simplicity, availability and cost efficiency that could be used directly to the farmer.
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