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Histology of the lungs with a focus on bronchogenic carcinoma
KAPOUNOVÁ, Pavla
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to explain the anatomic and microscopic lung structure as well as basic features of selected pulmonary disorders, especially of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis deals with types, causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis is comprised of two parts. The theoretical part introduces lung development, anatomic and microscopic structure of the lower respiratory tract, lung structure and function, vascular supply, and lymphatic drainage. The most frequent nonneoplastic and neoplastic pulmonary diseases are described here. The practical part of the thesis is focused on tissue processing. This complex process starts with the removal of a tissue specimen from a patient's body (biopsy) and it is finished when microscopic slide is handed to a physician (pathologist). All steps are important; there is an imperative to prevent any specimen damage as it could hamper the diagnosis. All tissue specimens must be stored in a fixative and delivered to a histopathologic laboratory, together with a clinical request for a pathological examination. Following steps are carried out in the histopathology laboratory: macroscopic examination and cut-up, processing in a tissue automate, embedding, cutting, and staining. The basic staining method is performed by hematoxylin-eosin. Finally, slides are covered and given to a pathologist who establishes a diagnosis on a particular slide, or asks for additional examinations. These may be additional histochemical stains or auxiliary studies such as immunohistochemistry or genetics. All these methods may contribute to a final diagnosis of the biopsy. The chapter Frequency of diagnoses summarises lung biopsies examined at our department (Šikl Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Plzen, the Czech Republic) in 2015. In the discussion, the frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma types is evaluated with a regard to the sex and age. Several graphs are added. Research: CD133 as a prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancers.
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