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Hybrid propulsion aircraft
Křivánek, Michal ; Šplíchal, Miroslav (referee) ; Zikmund, Pavel (advisor)
The growing efforts to reduce emissions in aviation may benefit from the use of hybrid propulsion, which is the topic of this bachelor’s thesis. The first section presents an overview of the impact of aviation on the environment as well as further motivation for the use and development of hybrid propulsion systems, due to low battery energy density, currently inadequate for purely electric aircraft use, and both complications and advantages offered by hydrogen used as fuel or in the form of fuel cells. Furthermore, it suggests a possible use of hybrid propulsion in inhabited areas and in both civil and military aviation. An overview of the most commonly used hybrid propulsion configurations follows noting the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. The next section presents an overview of several propeller-driven aircraft projects utilizing hybrid propulsion systems consisting of vertical, extremely short and standard take-off and landing vehicles, followed by a list of selected full-scale propeller-driven demonstrators utilizing hybrid propulsion systems. The final section evaluates the performance of several demonstrators in comparison to their combustion engine counterparts. The most significant advantages of hybrid propulsion aircraft are an increase in range, a substantial decrease in fuel consumption and a decrease in operation cost. However, hybrid propulsion systems also present their disadvantages too, most importantly an increase in vehicle mass and a decrease in number of passengers or amount of cargo. Lastly, the future of hybrid propulsion in aviation is outlined, considering multiple possible scenarios of development.
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Case Law of the Constitutional Court Relating to Taxation
Křivánek, Michal ; Boháč, Radim (advisor) ; Vybíral, Roman (referee)
The thesis deals with the decision-making practices of the Czech Constitutional Court in matters of taxation. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the topic of taxes and their different types, pays attention to the distinction between taxes, fees and other similar payments, and outlines the constitutional foundations on which taxes in broader sense may be imposed. The following section discusses the role of the Constitutional Court, mentions the types of court proceedings related to the field of taxation, and distinguishes between the court review of questions with constitutional law relevance, which the Constitutional Court examines, and of matters of ordinary law without such relevance, which are left to the general courts. The importance of the decision-making agenda of the Constitutional Court and the binding nature of its decisions for different groups of subjects and in different type situations is outlined. The third section then proceeds to analyze the important constitutional principles that are common for the field of tax law, namely the prohibition of genuine ex post facto legislation, and conversely the general permissibility of perceived retroaction, the principle of imposing taxes solely on the basis of law, and the use of the in dubio mitius principle, which is a...
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Case Law of the Constitutional Court Relating to Taxation
Křivánek, Michal ; Boháč, Radim (advisor) ; Vybíral, Roman (referee)
The thesis deals with the decision-making practices of the Czech Constitutional Court in matters of taxation. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the topic of taxes and their different types, pays attention to the distinction between taxes, fees and other similar payments, and outlines the constitutional foundations on which taxes in broader sense may be imposed. The following section discusses the role of the Constitutional Court, mentions the types of court proceedings related to the field of taxation, and distinguishes between the court review of questions with constitutional law relevance, which the Constitutional Court examines, and of matters of ordinary law without such relevance, which are left to the general courts. The importance of the decision-making agenda of the Constitutional Court and the binding nature of its decisions for different groups of subjects and in different type situations is outlined. The third section then proceeds to analyze the important constitutional principles that are common for the field of tax law, namely the prohibition of genuine ex post facto legislation, and conversely the general permissibility of perceived retroaction, the principle of imposing taxes solely on the basis of law, and the use of the in dubio mitius principle, which is a...
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Regulation of GMOs in the European Union
Křivánek, Michal ; Grmelová, Nicole (advisor) ; Vavrečka, Jan (referee)
The focal point of this thesis is the regulation of genetically modified organisms in the European Union. The objective of the thesis is to provide an overview and analysis of the legal framework governing the deliberate release into the environment and placing on the market of genetically modified organisms as well as the issue of genetically modified food and feed. Another aim of the thesis is to suggest necessary modifications of the legal framework based on the analysis. The first part discusses the nature and examines the extent of the use of genetic modification and the characteristics and possibilities of genetically modified organisms while keeping in mind their potential as well as the danger to human health and the environment they might pose. The second part inquires into the regulation of genetically modified organisms as such, compares the basic principles laid down therein with the state of scientific knowledge of genetically modified organisms, assesses their adequacy and suggests amendments that would be appropriate to adopt.
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