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Encystation and life cycle of free living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba spp.
Bínová, Eva ; Nohýnková, Eva (advisor) ; Dyková, Iva (referee) ; Ondriska, František (referee)
Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living unicellular organisms found in disparate ecosystems all over the world. Due to their ability to invade human body, evade its defensive mechanisms and cause extensive tissue damage, Acanthamoeba infection can lead to serious, if rare, diseases, affecting most commonly the eye and the central nervous system. Specific therapy for Acanthamoeba infections is not available. A major reason for therapeutic failure in ameobiasis is the ability of the protist to differentiate into resistant stages. These are cysts, known to be formed under prolonged unfavorable conditions, both in the environment and the infected tissues, and the pseudocysts, less durable but rapidly formed under acute stress. The present thesis focuses on as yet unexplored mechanisms of resistance of cysts and pseudocysts. Moreover, further characteristics distinguishing cysts and pseudocysts as well as the processes involved in their formation are investigated. One of the issues addressed is a presence of protective carbohydrate compounds mannitol and trehalose that participate in defensive reactions against abiotic stress in many organisms. Although putative genes for enzymes of the trehalose and mannitol synthetic pathways are present in the genome of Acanthamoeba, only one of the...
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The opinions of pregnant women of current possibilities of prenatal diagnosis.
DYKOVÁ, Iva
This bachelor thesis deals with the view of pregnant women on prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal screening includes many tests, where the aim is the versatile safety of pregnant women.The theoretical part of the bachelor thesis focuses on the pregnancy period which for most women is the most beautiful period during which the fetus develops in her organism.The purpose of prenatal care is primarily the consistent prevention of any possible pathological situations and timely capture of deviations from the normal course of gestation, with ensuring all available diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The goal of the prenatal diagnosis of congenital developmental defects is to detect congenital developmental defects as soon as possible and to help further approach strategy to pregnant women.Prenatal diagnosis is nowadays an integral part of prenatal care. It is subject to great demands in terms of safety and accuracy.The ethical viewpoint of prenatal diagnosis is just as important as technology by which testing and invasive performance tests are carried out. Prenatal genetic diagnosis has several important ethical issues. An important ethical procedure is proper information and consent of the pregnant woman to the testing, the interpretation of results, maintenance of privacy, medical confidentiality, the impossibility of abusing identified results, availability of further examinations and follow-up treatment at the highest level. The termination of gravidity in the event of statuses incompatible with life, or with permanent damage of the fetus, may be carried out solely at the request of the pregnant woman. The fundamental ethical issue is whether the fetus is regarded as an individual human being. Another dilemma resulting from this is whether a woman can take a decision for herself and the fetus, or whether the fetus is already a human being with its own rights.Furthermore, the theoretical work is devoted to the role of midwives in prenatal care. When providing care for pregnant women in the Czech Republic, the most commonly applied system is the close cooperation of the midwife with the physician. An integral part of the work of a midwife is the identification of anamnestic data by the nursing process method relating to pregnant women in the somatic, psychological, social, and also in the spiritual area. The objective of the bachelor thesis was to find out how pregnant women perceive testing carried out during pregnancy and how they experience situations where the invasive testing of congenital developmental defects of the fetus was recommended to them. The qualitative investigation using the interview method was used for the research investigation. An in-depth structured interview was selected for the data collection technique. The research group was composed of five pregnant women who had a positive screening to congenital developmental defects in I. or II. trimester and had to decide whether to undergo or not invasive testing to detect congenital developmental defects of the fetus. The research results have shown that women consider pregnancy screening tests as a compulsory part of the care for pregnant women. Women perceive non-invasive testing as safe and beneficial for both the fetus and the woman herself. Invasive testing is perceived by most of the women as beneficial despite all risks. During interviews we also met a woman who wouldn't accept any risks and therefore refused invasive testing. Despite the fact that every woman has the right to refuse such testing, this respondent noted how inappropriately most of the doctors and midwives were behaving towards her afterwards. The results also showed that women to whom invasive testing had been recommended experienced fear for the child and future pregnancy. According to the respondents, information in prenatal counselling proved to be clearly insufficient.
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The effect of posthodiplostomosis on the cyprinid fish fry
Ondračková, Markéta ; Dyková, Iva ; Gelnar, M. ; Jurajda, Pavel
Posthodiplostomosis, called also black-spot disease, is caused by metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Trematoda, Diplostomatidae). These parasites were studied on the cyprinid fish in floodplain area of the River Dyje in South Moravia. Twelve species from 16 totally explored Cyprinids were infected by metacercariae of P. cuticola during 1998, 1999 and 2001. Roach (Rutilus rutilus), rudd (S. erythrophthalmus), silver bream (B. bjoerkna), common bream (A. brama), bitterling (R. sericeus) and Prussian carp (C. auratus gibelio) were infected in all followed seasons. These species were histologicaly examined. During the cyst development the progressive maturation of connective tissue in outer layer of the cyst and infiltration of pigment cells were observed. Production of black pigment around the parasite cyst was chacteristic host reaction. Mainly melanocytes and in a small measure iridocytes took part in the pigmentation. The metacercariae of P. cuticola caused in the juvenile fish spine and body deformation. By high invasion the tissue dystrophy was observed.
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