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Embrittlement of EUROFER´97 steel due to thermal exposition
Hadraba, Hynek ; Dlouhý, Ivo
Ferritic-martensitic reduced activation steel Eurofer´97 is leading candidate for structural material for in-vessel and first wall components of proposed fusion reactor DEMO. The utilization of the Eurofer´97 steels is limited up to a temperature of about 550°C. The aim of the work is to investigate the influence of long term thermal ageing on fracture properties of Eurofer´97 steel. Short term thermal ageing of the steel was simulated by step cooling treatment. Long term thermal ageing was simulated by isothermal ageing at 550 °C/5000 h. No evident changes in Charpy impact energy have been registered when comparing the properties of the steel in as-received and in step-cooled state. Outstanding embrittlement of the steel was observed after long term isothermal ageing: transition temperatures shift by about 5 °C. Risk of grain boundary weakening by phosphorus segregation is very low while the carbide coarsening could led to outstanding embrittlement of the Eurofer´97 steel.
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Prediction of Fracture Toughness Temperature Diagram from Tensile Test Parmaeters
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Šmida, T. ; Babjak, J.
Reference temperature of fracture toughness temperature diagram has been predicted based on tensile test data. Neuron analysis was applied to solve these properties correlation. For fracture toughness determination three-point bend specimens have been applied, the reference temperature being calculated applying multi-temperature method. Different strength and deformation properties have been evaluated from standard tensile specimens focusing on data from localised deformation during specimen necking. Totally 29 data sets from low alloy steels have been generated for the analysis. Good correlation of predicted and experimentally determined values has been found. Further analysis with higher number of data sets is needed to increase the accuracy of predicted values and decrease the number of input data.
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Influence of loading conditions on fracture toughness values determined on ceramics
Chlup, Zdeněk ; Dlouhý, Ivo ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Flašar, Petr ; Řehořek, Lukáš
Fracture toughness is generally an important material characteristic. In structural inherently brittle materials as ceramics and ceramics based composites it plays all the more important role. Therefore exact determination of reliable values of fracture toughness is an important matter. Aim of this paper is to analyse influence of selected parameters (applied technique, specimen dimensions, span length, temperature and loading rate) on fracture toughness values. To fulfil this aim, among others, a statistical analysis based on the normal distribution was undertaken. Some of the effects are connected to the material and some of them to the applied methodology. Those linked to the material are hardly describable by a mathematical formula however gives an outlook on possible general trends. On the other hand the span of supporting rollers is an example of parameter whose influence has been described by mathematical formula.
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Fracture toughness and damage mechanisms of intermetalic based on TiAl
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Kozák, Vladislav
The paper concentrates on the analysis of the role of microstructure in fracture behaviour of TiAl intermetalics at room and elevated temperatures. Tensile properties, flexural strength and fracture toughness have been evaluated for alloys Ti-40Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B and Ti-46Al-0,7Cr-0,1Si-7Nb-0,2Ni. Positive effect of Nb on fracture resistance has been found; fracture toughness of the high Nb alloy increased at contemporary increase of tensile and flexural strength. Fracture surfaces have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy showing the key role of mechanical twinning in deformation of both alloys followed. As a governing mechanism of the crack nucleation a microcrack formation at boundaries between mechanical twins and gama-TiAl grains has been confirmed. Extensive development of shear ligament toughening was observed supplying quite good values of fracture toughness in high niobium alloy.
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Crack propagation in ceramics laminates with strongly bonded interfaces
Hadraba, Hynek ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Maca, K. ; Bermejo, R.
Crack propagation through layered composites based on Al2O3 and ZrO2 was studied. The strongly bonded laminates with single-component layers and laminates with two-component layers were prepared via electrophoretic deposition and slip casting respectively. Laminates of different pre-defined thicknesses and composition contained different magnitudes of residual stress. Cracks, produced by an indentation technique, propagated towards layer interfaces deflected towards the interface in the compressed layers and away from the interface in the layers containing tension stress. Changes in the direction of crack propagation were described for the whole range of angles of incidence (0° - 90°). The biggest change in the crack propagation was observed, irrespective of the magnitude of residual stress in the layers.
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Crack propagation in strongly bonded Al2O3/ZrO2 laminates
Hadraba, Hynek ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Maca, K. ; Bermejo, R.
Crack propagation through layered composites based on Al2O3 and ZrO2 was studied. The strongly bonded laminates with single-component layers (A/Z) and laminates with two-component (AtZ/AmZ) layers were prepared via electrophoretic deposition and slip casting respectively. Laminates of different pre-defined thicknesses and composition contained different magnitudes of residual stress. Cracks, produced by an indentation technique, propagated in direction to layer interfaces deflected towards the interface in the compressed layers and away from the interface in the layers containing tension stress. Changes in the direction of crack propagation for the whole range of angles of incidence (0° - 90°) were described. The biggest change in the crack propagation was observed for the angle of incidence 45° for A/Z systems and 32.5° for AtZ/AmZ systems and was ca. 15° and 20° respectively. The change in the crack propagation was independent on magnitude of residual stress in the layers.
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Thermal ageing of Eurofer´97 steel
Hadraba, Hynek ; Dlouhý, Ivo
Ferritic-martensitic reduced activation steel Eurofer´97 of 9Cr-1W(V-Ta) type is leading candidate for structural material for in-vessel and first wall components (outboard blanket) of proposed fusion reactors. The utilization of the Eurofer´97 steels is limited up to a temperature about 550°C. On the other hand the efficiency enhancement of the proposed fusion reactors to the level suitable for energy production is predetermined by increase of temperature in fusion tokamak reactor. The long term exploitation of the steel at high temperatures leads to extensive microstructural changes. The aim of the work is to investigate the influence of long term thermal ageing on fracture properties of Eurofer´97 steel. High thermal ageing of the steel was simulated by step cooling treatment. Charpy impact tests were performed before and after thermal ageing. No evident changes in impact properties have been registered when comparing the properties of the steel in as-received and in step-cooled state.
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Transgranular and intergranular failure competition as a manifestation of steel degradation
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Strnadel, B.
Main purpose of the work was to quantify causes and characteristics that control the intergranular fracture initiation and occurrence of this fracture micromechanism in competition with cleavage one. A CrNi steel of commercial quality and the same steel with increased content of impurity elements, Sn and Sb, was used. Step cooling treatment was applied in order to induce intergranular embrittlement and brittle fracture initiation in both steel melts. For fracture toughness determination standard bend specimen and pre-cracked Charpy type specimens both tested in three point bending were applied. Relation of cleavage fracture stress and critical stress for intergranular failure has been followed showing capability of this parameter for quantification of the transgranular/intergranular fracture. In order to characterise the quantitative morphological differences in fracture surfaces fractal analysis was applied.
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Použití lokálního přístupu při řešení transferability lomově mechanických parametrů
Dlouhý, Ivo ; Hadraba, Hynek ; Jurášek, L.
In some applications the pre-cracked Charpy specimens (PC) can be, after meeting the validity conditions applied for specification of fracture toughness characteristics corresponding to standard specimens. Typically this is the case of pearlitic steel R7T (used for railway wheelset production) with Lüders’ flow and higher strength properties. It has been found that there is a gap in fracture toughness data of PC specimens between the 60 and 90 MPam1/2 due to plastic hinge in net section of PC specimens. The distribution of maximum principal stress ahead of the crack tip in PC specimen loaded into fully plastic regime was found to be identical with that of reference stress-strain field in plane-strain SSY condition. 3D FEM simulations also shown that there is no constraint loss in PC specimens.
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The fracture behaviour of welded joints pearlitic and bainitic rail steel
Hadraba, Hynek ; Dlouhý, Ivo ; Holzmann, Miloslav ; Zbořil, J.
The contribution is focused on analysis of welded joint made from pearlitic rail steel of type UIC 900A and newly developed cast bainitic Lo8CrNiMo steel. The lowest dynamic fracture toughness and consequently the higher risk of brittle fracture possessed the pearlitic steel and its heat affected zone (HAZ). At application temperature range the fracture toughness of this steel was on lower shelf of ductile to brittle transition, the tempering in HAZ didn't affect the toughness substantially. The dynamic fracture toughness of cast bainitic steel in joint was two times highest comparing to pearlitic one and, in addition HAZ toughness increase was found. The weld joint itself was characterised by high scatter of toughness data, nevertheless, all the values were above the scatter band characterising the more brittle pearlitic steel.
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