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Stretching and the Maximal Muscle Strength
Šádek, Petr ; Konopková, Renata (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee)
Title: The effect of stretching on maximal muscle performance Objectives: Due to the number of studies, concerning the effect of the muscle stretch on sport performance and their heterogeneity in the term of used parameters, tests and even performing the stretch exercises themselves, it would be desirable, thanks to the importance of this subject, to consolide and evaluate up-to-date knowledge. The goal of this diploma thesis is to compare and assess available literature concerning the effect of muscle stretch during warmup on the sport performance and, ideally, to define the best type of the stretching itself. Method: The diploma thesis is composed as a literature review - an integrative review with exactly defined criteria for the use of available studies. Result : Even with the nonuniformity of parameters used in available studies there is a consensus in most of the used sources, which met the criteria of inclusion in this research, which (the consensus) determinates the dynamic stretching as the form most appropriate for enhancing the following sport performance. Although studies, proving this result, are in their findings quite unanimous, a precise definition of prefered exercises for peforming the dynamic stretching and of its parameters is still missing. Key words: stretching, dynamic,...
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Cervicogenic headache
Patríková, Jitka ; Šifta, Petr (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title Cervicogenic headache Objectives The aim of this master thesis is to present a comprehensive overview of the topic of cervicogenic headache. It focuses on the prevalence of this disease in the general population and on the cervical spine segment where the dysfunction in patients with cervical headache occurs the most frequently. It also focuses on the link between suboccipital muscles, cervical dura mater spinalis and headache on the effectiveness of different therapies for this diagnosis. Method The thesis is conceived as a scientific literature research. In order to obtain sources professional database such as Pubmed, PEDro, Medline, HighWire, Science direct were used. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an analytical part. There have been 4 questions and 4 hypotheses set for the purposes of work the thesis. Results Based on the analysis of available studies, the thesis confirmed that the incidence of cervicogenic headache in the general population is not negligible. It has also been proved that the diagnosis is quite frequent in patients suffering from headache, which may represent up to 35 % of patients. The results of available studies indicate that the dysfunction of the cervical spine causes 15-20 % of cervicogenic headaches. In most of the cases, it is the influence of the...
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Influence of rheological characteristics of muscle tissue by musculus triceps surae by means of AEK practice
Kupec, Karel ; Šifta, Petr (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Master's thesis topic: Influence of rheological characteristics of muscle tissue by musculus triceps surae by means of AEK practice Author: Bc. Karel Kupec Branch of study: Physiotherapy Disertation Tutor: PhDr. Petr Šifta, Ph.D. Year of Defense: 2013 Abstract: The target of this thesis was find out the effect of agistic-excentric contractions on muscle tension of musculus soleus compared with passive relaxation of musculus soleus. The assumption was, that agistic-excentric contraction reduce muscle tension of musculus soleus after anaerobic load. The contralateral lower limb was control limb for comparison agistic-excentric contraction and passive relaxation. Muscle tension was measured in laboratory in Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University: five students were measured. As a measurement method was used myotonometry, which simulated palpation. Measured data were displayed by using an analog-digital convertor and consequently evaluated. The results of this study found out positive effect of agistic-excentric contraction on muscle tension. Control form of relaxation, passive relaxation, didn't influence muscle tension so significantly. The results support the principle of hypotheses, that agisctic-exentric contraction approach affect muscle tension more positive than passive...
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The role of nitric oxide during in pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases
Sikora Marečková, Věra ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title: The role of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of nitric oxide on the formation and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Another objective was to determinate, whether NO affects by its impact processes involved in apoptosis in the CNS. Methods: The thesis is prepared in the form of research, drawing from available relevant resources. Results: Nitric oxide is widely applied in the pathophysiology of selected neurodegenerative diseases, either directly or through other reactive nitrogen and oxygen. It also affects other factors that are involved in apoptosis in the CNS. Keywords: Nitric oxide, NMDA receptors, neurodegenerative diseases, excitotoxicity, apoptosis
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Tactile discrimination and excitability of α-motoneurons
Světlíková, Tereza ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title of diploma thesis: Tactile discrimination and excitability of alpha motoneurons Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to detect whether tactile discrimination tasks affect the excitability of the alpha motoneurons. Methods: Seven volunteers aged between 20 and 26 years participated in this study. The H reflex, (M wave) were recorded during three control and three experimental conditions. The control conditions preceded each experimental condition. By stimulating the tibialis nerve in the popliteal fossa the H reflex was elicited and its amplitude and latency measured at rest (control) and during tactile discrimination tasks (experimental). As tactile discrimination tasks, three separate tasks were chosen-tactile stimulation, escape reaction to tactile stimulation, and two-point discrimination. We used an EMG stimulator with a constant voltage output and monophasic squared pulses, with a 0,5 ms interval. The stimulation was switched on manually every 3-5 seconds. To detect the electrical potential of the soleus muscle, we used a surface EMG device, a GrassTelefactor, with galvanic isolation complying with EU standards. The parameters measured were the latency and amplitude of the H reflex and M wave during the tactile discrimination tasks and these were then compared to the values at rest. The...
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ROS and its role in neurophysiology
Šedivcová, Pavlína ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Name of the thesis Reactive oxygen species and their neurophysiological role Aim of the thesis Aim of the theoretical part is to provide overview of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and show their place in organism - posstive and necessary effects for the organism on the one hand and source of serious diseases on the other hand. Futhermore, the theoretical part deals with the restoration balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidants protection. Theoretical part also deals with substance FeTTPS. Aim of the experimental part is to determinate whether the application of FeTTPS affects cerebral blood flow during trancallosal stimulation with increasing frequency. Futhermore, to determinate whether the applicatication of this substance affects the slope of the curve and threshold of evoked potencials and number and duration of afterdischargers. Research method The research took place at the premises of Onstitue of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic. Experiments were carried out on laboratory albine Wistar rats. General anesthesia was performed to rats, stimulating and sensing electrodes were implated in epidural area of sensorimotoor cortex and Laser Doppler flow probe was implated into the contralateral hemisphere. In the first part of experiment included 11 animals. We...
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Signal decomposition in surface electromyography
Vodhánilová, Edita ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
This thesis describe decomposition of electromyographic signal into its constituent motor unit action potential trains. A size and a shape of the action potencials can provide an important information about neuromuscular function. There are described the basics of neurophysiology and physiology of muscle in the theoretic section. Mainstay part of the thesis is description of electromyography and chapter about decomposition of electromyogprahy signal, where is introduced a method of decomposition and algorithms used for decomposition. In practical part is tested a robustness of algorithms, which are contained in program called EMGLAB. The trial is performed with three different signal and results are assessed and compared by the statistical methods ANOVA and paired t-test. Key words: action potencial, EMG signal, electromyography, decomposition, EMGLAB
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Discrimination of EMG signals from individual forearm muscles from surface EMG.
Krásná, Jana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title: Discrimination of EMG signals from individual forearm muscles from surface EMG Abstract: Location of electrodes for sensing the forearm muscles using surface electromyography is not accurately described. It is based only on recommendations by various authors in making researches. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal placement of electrodes on the forearm and describe it to another repeatable measurements. By analyzing the amplitude of EMG recording is confirmed not only the optimal location of electrodes, but either suggested muscle synergies that are possible to analyze more deeply in other studies because a detailed examination of muscle synergies are considerable application in upper limb prosthetics Keywords: Surface electromyography, forearm muscles, amplitude analysis
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Impairment of cellular metabolism as common pathophzsiological mechanism of CNS diseases
Hasala, Ondřej ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Name of thesis: Impairment of cellular metabolism as common pathophysiological mechanism of CNS diseases Problem definition: Every human cell needs energy for living. If the prodcution of ATP (as an universal energy carrier) is broken, cell restricts its activity first and during longterm depletion of ATP, dies. It was found, that cellular metabolism is broken in most pathologies in CNS. Disorder of respiratory chain by free radicals is the best known at Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, brain ischemia etc. Mitochondria, where respiratory chain is situated, is not only the aim of free radicals, but it is their major producer. The activity of respiratory chain decreases during the life and this phenomenan is called aging. Aim of thesis: To determine whether there is increased production of free radicals in mitochondria of rat (LE Wistar) hippocampus during the epileptic seizure. Method: Thesis involves experiment which was done with acute rat hippocampal slices. To induce epileptic seizure it was used 4-aminopyridine model. It was used fluorescence imaging as imaging method. Changes of superoxide production was detected with MitoSOX. Electrophysiological record was taken by programme Spike 2 with stimulation and recording electrode inside the slice. Results: There was no significant difference between...
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Angle in the joint and H-reflex
Stiborová, Pavla ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title: H-reflex, depending on the position of the joint Aim: The aim of this study is to determine whether the position of the ankle joint influences the parameters of the soleus muscle H-reflex. We are interested in a change of amplitude, latency and threshold of the H-reflex. Method: To measure H-reflex, we have used surface elektromygraphy. We examined two different positions of the foot in probands lying on the bed on their stomach. The first position was with the feet out of bed, around 90 degrees at the ankle joint (rest position). At the second position, the foot moved the bed and was in position in plantar flexion. Stimulation were performed over the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The response, we recorded the surface electrode over the soleus muscle. Results: By changing the position of the ankle from rest to plantar flexion there was no statistically significant changes in amplitude, latency or threshold of the H-reflex. In plantar flection, we found a reduction of Hmax/Mmax ratio, which is probably due to reduced excitability alpha motoneurons through reciprocal ihibition from stretched muscle of the leg. Keywords: H-reflex, soleus muscle, joint position, surface EMG
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