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Biological and social predictors and correlates of human morality
Kopecký, Robin
In this dissertation, we delve into the multifaceted domains of biological and social factors influencing human morality. The connecting element of this collection of four studies is both an interest in human morality as a traditional philosophical topic and the use of methods from empirical sciences, particularly biology, behavioural, and cognitive sciences. The first study focuses on the moral algorithms in autonomous vehicles. We examined moral preferences regarding the choice between software types that differ in their built-in algorithms for dealing with lethal collisions. These are categorized into three specific types: selfish, altruistic, and conservative. Respondents exhibited a preference for the altruistic strategy, which is reinforced when signalled to others. The altruistic preference is the most pronounced when it applies to everybody else, weaker when it reflects only a personal choice, and the weakest when choosing for one's own child. We conclude that making a choice public significantly sways individuals towards a more socially beneficial solution. The second study investigates the relationship between parasite Toxoplasma gondii infection and its subsequent impact on human political beliefs and values. Infected participants exhibited a tendency towards heightened tribalism and...
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Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on the development of acute coronary syndrome
Kopřiva, Karel ; Kovárník, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kaňovský, Jan (referee) ; Toušek, Petr (referee)
Thin fibrous cap atheroma with a high lipid content is the most common morphological substrate for acute coronary syndrome. Lipid content can be reliably determined by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a commonly available morphological imaging method in the guidance of coronary interventions. In our study, we examined a single coronary lesion in patients with acute coronary syndrome using both OCT and NIRS. Based on OCT, we performed a detailed morphological analysis using semi-automated software. Using NIRS, we determined the lipid content of each lesion. In the first part of the study, we used noninvasive CT coronary angiography to detect the progression of atherosclerotic plaques between the first and second year after the initial examination and attempted to demonstrate that morphological characteristics and lipid content of plaques were risk factors for plaque progression. In the second part of the study, we assessed the ability of detailed morphological analysis based on OCT examination to identify the lipid content of plaques using NIRS as a reference method. We observed no significant linear correlation when assessing the relationship between morphological parameters and plaque volume progression. In the analysis of plaque lipid content,...
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Altruism in Biblical Texts and Philosophical and Religious Texts of China
Kříž, Martin ; Brož, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Matějec, Tomáš (referee)
Altruism in Biblical Texts and Philosophical-Religious Texts of China Keywords Altruism, Old Testament, New Testament, Christianity, agape, social teaching of the church, secularism, atheism, sociobiology, Confucianism. The topic of this thesis is altruism as it is manifested in the texts of the Old and New Testaments, in the social doctrine of the Church and in Confucianism. Altruism is described as a very abstract concept that originated and came into use in a certain polemic against religious concepts, and attention is given to how further usage has blurred this polemical edge and how Christians themselves use it. The thesis compares the concept of altruism with the specific concepts of amor, eros, caritas and agape in the Christian tradition. The concept of altruism in the Western tradition of thought from Aguste Comte to contemporary sociobiologists is discussed. An excursus into Chinese culture shows an ethical system with different starting points. The social doctrine of the Church as a response to current problems and new currents of thought is presented from the late 19th century to the present.
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Compensation of immaterial damage in criminal proceedings
Klatovský, Jakub ; Jelínek, Jiří (advisor) ; Šelleng, Dalibor (referee)
121 Compensation of immaterial damage in criminal proceedings - Abstract The topic of this rigorous thesis is compensation for immaterial damage in criminal proceedings. This topic is mainly related to the question of fulfilling the conditions for its compensation and determining its amount. This thesis deals with the victim's entitlement to claim compensation for immaterial damage and a series of related issues, especially in relation to the determination of the amount of the claim for compensation for immaterial damage. The application and quantification of the injured party's claim in monetary form is considerably more complicated than in the case of compensation for material damages, and therefore this issue requires increased attention. The purpose of this thesis is to point out the procedural procedure of making a claim by the injured party in adhesion proceedings, the decision-making practice of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, which often come into conflict with each other, and at the same time to put forward my own proposals for possible changes to the current wording of the Criminal Procedure Code. This rigorous thesis is divided into six chapters, each chapter dealing with a selected aspect of the issue of compensation for immaterial damage in criminal proceedings. The first...
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Inhibiting and facilitating fear in mathematics in grammar school students.
Kratochvílová, Aneta ; Pavelková, Isabella (advisor) ; High, Radka (referee)
In the school environment, students commonly encounter various forms of fear. In the literature, the fear experienced by students is thematized as test anxiety and fear of failure. School anxiety is associated both with the deterioration of pupils' performance and with its potential improvement. The aim of this work is to map the relationship between pupils' experienced fear in mathematics lessons, their performance and other motivational variables. We focused on differentiating the facilitating, for the performance beneficial fear, and the inhibiting, for the performance debilitating fear. The data collection took place in the form of a questionnaire survey, with the involvement of students of the second year of the four-year grammar school and the corresponding year of the six-year grammar school. We investigated the students' attitudes towards mathematics, the degree of experienced fear, the average grade in mathematics, learning motivation for the subject and BIS/BAS sensitivity, representing an indicator of facilitating and inhibiting fear. We used open questions to map the moment of fear. The results show a connection between the pupils' experience of fear, attitudes towards mathematics, partly also learning motivation and their average grade in this subject. Success in the subject of...
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Ethically responsible support of social activation and prevention in social services
Jahodová, Jitka ; Červenková, Denisa (advisor) ; Bouma, David (referee)
The role of society in providing social services is long-established. Meanwhile, the range of social issues having to be addressed by social services is continuously growing. The risks associated with resource constraints are expected to rise significantly, and this issue keeps generating debate on available resources' allocation. Social innovation strives to reflect and tackle these related, complex societal challenges. All activities, as well as the discussion related to social services' innovation, should be conducted in compliance with ethical principles. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to an understanding that making ethical responsibility an integral part of everyday decision-making and practice empowers reaching a sustainable positive social change. This, in turn, can create a normatively compact solution - and vice versa.
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Effect of abacavir on the expression of nucleoside transporters, adenosine receptors, and enzymes involved in adenosine synthesis and biodegradation in trophoblasts
Gala, Viktor ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Čečková, Martina (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Viktor Gala Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Effect of abacavir on the expression of nucleoside transporters, adenosine receptors, and enzymes involved in adenosine synthesis and biodegradation in trophoblasts The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) abacavir (ABC) is now the mainstay of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV in pregnant women. The introduction of cART, along with several other measures, has reduced mother-to-fetus transmission of HIV to less than 1% in recent years. The placenta is a key organ for the health of both the fetus and the mother. Imbalances in placental development can result in adaptive changes and fetal programming errors. cART recommended in pregnancy is known for its good safety profile, but some epidemiological studies suggest a higher risk of reduced fetal weight, preterm birth, etc. The placenta is a rapidly growing organ dependent on the supply of building materials that resembles tumor growth in certain aspects. Nucleosides are promoters of tumor proliferation and are involved in the development of immunotolerance. The placenta is complexly equipped for nucleoside synthesis, uptake,...
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Validization of diagnostic methods in PTSD
Vágnerová, Anna ; Preiss, Marek (advisor) ; Heider, David (referee)
With this work, I became involved in an ongoing project of tool validation for measuring psychological trauma within the activities of the National Institute of Mental Health - Validation of tools for measuring psychological trauma. The aim of this thesis was to collect data from a clinical population with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and compare it with the results of diagnostic methods in the general population (N=303). The research clinical sample consisted of 31 respondents who, based on diagnostic criteria for PTSD diagnosis according to DSM-5, were divided into two research groups - with a probable PTSD diagnosis (N=17) and without a probable PTSD diagnosis (N=14). In this work, the results of three research groups were compared using the PTSD Checklist 5 method, which assesses the level of traumatization, and the Life Events Checklist-5 method, which examines the frequency of experienced traumatic events. At the same time, measurement of depressive and anxious symptoms of all participants was conducted to assess convergent validity. The results of statistical analysis showed that the PCL-5 method proved to be valid. The group with a probable PTSD diagnosis achieved statistically significantly higher values than the general population group, even in the results of methods measuring...
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Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard
Šulová, Veronika ; Červený, Lukáš (advisor) ; Vokřál, Ivan (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Veronika Šulová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. External supervisor: pplk. doc. MUDr. Jaroslav Pejchal, Ph.D. et Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Changes of internal organs after percutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent belonging to the group of blistering agents. The theoretical section of the thesis is mainly focused on the description of acute toxic effects, the mechanism of action, and deals with the current possibilities of poisoning therapy. The experimental section is focused on monitoring the effect of sulfur mustard poisoning in the liver, lung, and kidney of female C57BL/6J mice after the percutaneous administration. This work aimed to evaluate markers of oxidative stress and histopathological changes of the selected organs at 3, 5, and 7 days after the poisoning. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) methods were used to determine markers of oxidative stress. Histopathological changes were evaluated microscopically using the hematoxylin-eosin staining method. The airness of the lung parenchyma was also assessed by computer image analysis. First, the LD50 of sulfur mustard was...
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Zaitsek von Egbell-Habsburg Officer 1824-1918
Krátký, Jaroslav ; Vlnas, Vít (advisor) ; Županič, Jan (referee) ; Macková, Marie (referee)
This thesis is focused on the officers and officer dynasties of the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian army. Through case studies, I examine the situation of the officer corps in the long 19th century, with reverberations up to the end of the Austro-Hungarian Empire's existence (until 1918). The title of the thesis includes the name of the Zaitsek von Egbell family, whose three generations experienced a significant social rise during the 19th century, mainly due to a combination of successful service to the emperor (in office and in the army) and a marriage strategy oriented towards noble families with a military tradition. An important factor in the military careers of two generations of the Zaitsek family was the merits of 1848 and 1866, times of social upheaval and war. In addition to the case study of the Zaitsek family, I attach two other case studies in which I examine officer families with different social backgrounds from each other. The ancient dynasty of military professionals is represented by the Ponz von Panz family. Officers from aristocratic backgrounds with a tradition of prominent positions in the military are exemplified by members of the Windischgraetz family. I intersperse the above three basic case studies with sub-biographical probes of individuals from both officer and civilian...
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