|
|
Nepůvodní druhy hmyzu (Insecta) v arboretu Mendelovy univerzity v Brně
Fadrná, Jana
In 2019, the occurrence of non-native insect species was observed in the arboretum of Mendel University in Brno. Observations were carried from June to early November by visual inspections on selected non-native ornamental trees. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to find out the occurrence and quantity of non-native insect species and to assess their importance. A total of 19 non-native species classified in 4 orders were observed. Most species were found in the order of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. The highest abundance was achieved by the species Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić, 1986, Phyllonorycter platani (Staudinger, 1870), Bruchidius siliquastri Delobel, 2007, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock, 1881) and Corythucha ciliate (Say, 1832). Only in Aesculus hippocastanum a significant aesthetic deterioration caused by Cameraria ohridella was observed. Other damage caused by non-native insect species did not significantly affect the health or aesthetic value status of the trees.
|
|
|
Druhové spektrum členovců ve skleníkových kulturách rajčete
Popadincová, Hana
The occurrence of arthropods has been monitored in a tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) greenhouse in Kameničany by using light traps. Those were placed in both lit and unlit part of the greenhouse – always on the near and far edge, and in the middle. The caught arthropods were collected during June 2020 on three specific dates: on June 10, June 25 and June 30. A total of 2,241 insects from six different orders were collected – 1,314 of them were caught in the lit and 927 in the unlit part. Lepidoptera were the most numerous; a total of 755 individuals (501/254). Of the species caught, only moths, namely Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis segetum, could turn out to be greenhouse tomato plant pests. Regarding some useful species found, the most common one (95 individuals) was Macrolophus pygmaeus, which is put into greenhouses intentionally for the purpose of regulating the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).
|
|
| |
|
|
Noční motýli jako indikátory kvality zemědělské krajiny a úrovně biodiverzity při různém režimu hospodaření
Šafář, Jaroslav
This work deals with a research of moth species diversity in selected vineyards of southern Moravia that are often located in the vicinity of specially protected areas and often directly linked to them. When using sound agricultural practices, vineyards can provide a kind of stepping stones for a large number of endangered and rare species in their path to find suitable habitats to survive, or the environment of vineyards may be partially or even permanently colonized. During 2010 and 2011 in six vineyards and two forest-steppe areas, 8,061 specimens belonging to 309 species (12 families) of moths were collected using portable light traps. Based on some ecological indices, DCA, RDA, CCA analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficient, etc., the relationship between moths and the influence of farming in the vineyards (conventional, integrated, organic) in terms of agro-technical practices and the influence of natural and semi-natural habitats in intermediate vineyards surrounding on the moth communities of the monitored localities was evaluated. The results show that species diversity increases with vineyards having cover crop in the absence of application of chemical insecticides and especially with maintaining selffloristic succession in vineyard alleyways with cover crop. In RDA and CCA analysis, certain species responded significantly to the influence of studied factors of vineyard farm management, and for some species there was a significant effect of habitats in the immediate vicinity of monitored areas, but this effect did not reach statistical significance such as vineyard management factors examined.
|
|
|
Druhová identifikace u Lepidopter pomocí jaderných genů WG a PER
Liškutinová, Michaela
The diploma thesis deals with the verification of whether the nuclear genes WG and PER are suitable for species identification of the order Lepidoptera, family Sphingidae. Using molecular genetic methods, data were obtained and evaluated using SeqScape Software v2.7, ClustalW, MEGA11 and the BLAST database. The obtained data were compared with the available results of species identification of the family Sphingidae by means of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. In comparison, it was found that the mitochondrial marker COI is more suitable for the identification of individual species due to the possible degradation of DNA due to age in the analyzed museal samples.
|
|
| |
|
|
Butterfly thermoregulation across habitats and climates
LAIRD-HOPKINS, Benita Carmen
Global warming, through rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, is placing major stress on species and ecosystems. Understanding how species respond to temperature and the mechanisms underpinning thermoregulation can help us predict which species are most vulnerable in the face of warming. In this thesis, I explore how butterflies across different habitats and climates thermoregulate and the mechanisms, including morphology and behaviour, underlaying thermoregulatory ability. Firstly, when comparing the buffering ability of neotropical and temperate butterflies I found that tropical butterflies were able to maintain more stable body temperatures than temperate butterflies, and this was likely driven by their morphology. I also found that temperate butterflies used postural means to raise their body temperature more than neotropical species, likely an adaptation to the cooler air temperatures they experience. Secondly, I showed the importance of butterflies' thermoregulatory abilities at the community level, by comparing thermoregulation of European butterflies across geographic regions and climatic zones. This study highlighted that behavioural thermoregulation, including the use of microclimates and postural means, drives regional differences in butterflies' thermoregulatory abilities. Finally, I utilised the Müllerian mimicry exhibited in Heliconius butterflies to untangle the contributions of morphology and phylogeny in butterfly thermoregulation, investigating thermal traits, including buffering ability, take-off temperature and heating rate. I found that morphology, not phylogeny, was the main driver of thermoregulation in these butterflies. Further, I investigated differences in the thermoregulatory ability of Heliconius butterflies from different habitats. I found that species from colder habitats were able to maintain a more stable body temperature and took off at a lower temperature than those from hotter habitats, suggesting there is local adaptation or acclimation in thermal traits. Overall, this work highlights that species have their own unique thermoregulatory abilities, as a result of the thermal environment they experience, and that thermoregulation is driven by morphology, behaviour and physiology. My findings have important consequences for predicting the impacts of climate change on ectotherms, by highlighting variation in thermal ability which makes some populations and species more vulnerable, while others more resilient. This thesis lays the groundwork for future studies comparing species' thermal traits across climates and habitats, increasing our understanding of how species cope with climate and land-use change.
|
|
|
W chromosomes in Lepidoptera: evolution, diversity and molecular features
HEJNÍČKOVÁ, Martina
Sex chromosome evolution is a fascinating and very dynamic process, which is best to be studied on diverse groups of organisms. Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) are known for their species diversity and female heterogamety, which makes them an ideal research model. Most species of Lepidoptera have a WZ/ZZ (female/male) system, although some species lack the W chromosome. The first part of this thesis discusses possible mechanisms and points of its origin in terms of phylogeny. Specifically, it focuses on the lack of W chromosome in the group of bagworms (Psychidae), supporting recent theory about the independent origin of W chromosomes in Lepidoptera. The second part of the thesis provides valuable information about the W chromosome variability and molecular content within the group of loopers (Geometridae). Finally, the third part describes the accumulation of retrotransposons on the W chromosome in Peribatodes rhomboidaria and emphasizes their importance in the process of sex chromosome differentiation.
|
|
|
Drivers of karyotype evolution in Lepidoptera
PROVAZNÍKOVÁ, Irena
Research of lepidopteran karyotypes and their evolution has been challenging for decades due to their many peculiar characteristics. However, this field has advanced thanks to modern cytogenetic techniques and sequencing technologies. We combined explored possibilities how to detect chromosomal rearrangements, and cytogenetic and genomic approaches to explore evolutionary forces shaping karyotypes of non-model Lepidoptera including representatives of early diverging species. Results obtained in the present thesis point to a possible role of satellite DNA and sexual antagonistic selection in mobilisation of rDNA and sex chromosome turnover, respectively.
|
|
|
Vývoj molekulárních markerů pro chromozom W u modráska \kur{Polyommatus icarus}
HRUBÁ, Monika
This thesis focuses on development of molecular markers for the W chromosome in the blue butterfly Polyommatus icarus. In this blue butterfly, karyotype races with different constitution of the neo-sex chromosomes were reported. The markers were used for PCR sexing of the early developmental stages to obtain sex-specific total RNA samples for testing a role of sexually antagonistic selection in fixation of neo-sex chromosomes.
|
guest ::
