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Somatic embryogenesis of conifers: metabolism and roles of RFOs
 Skala, Ondřej
Raffinose series oligosaccharides (RFOs= α-1,6-galaktosyln-sach; 1 ≤ n < c. 7) represent a prominent part of soluble saccharide content in mature conifer seeds. RFOs are considered to act as the multifunctional components in plants, but their precise functions in specific physiological processes remain contentious. The present study focuses on the metabolism and role of RFOs in somatic embryogenesis in two conifer species- Picea abies and hybrid fir (Abies alba x numidica). Three basic approaches were set for achieving spruce somatic embryos (SE) with diverse levels of RFOs: a) culture cultivation with exogenous RFOs, b) culture cultivation with precursors of RFOs synthesis and the last 3) culture exposition to variegated postmaturation treatments inducing RFOs synthesis (desiccation/cold stress). Parallel combinations of stresses led to the highest RFOs levels in SE. These findings associate the RFOs levels in spruce SE with protective function within desiccation state. The final levels of RFOs in the spruce SE were also regulated by endogenous levels of myo-inositol. RFOs were rapidly degraded by SE within early phases of germination independently of the initial level of RFOs. No dramatic decrease in embryo germination was found in embryos with decreased RFOs degradation achieved by treatment...
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