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Blackflies of the Czech Republic and their feeding preferences
Blechová, Karolína ; Brzoňová, Jana (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
Blackflies are globally distributed small flies belonging to the order Diptera, known as common nuisance for humans and vectors of certain parasites. The most commonly transmitted parasites include the genera Onchocerca, Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma. For humans the most significant species is Onchocerca volvulus, which causes onchocerciasis (or "river blindness") in tropical areas. This thesis is about faunistics of blackflies in the Czech Republic, where was described 45 species of these flies to this date. First mentions of the family Simuliidae are from 19th century. More specific studies about these arthropods have been published since the 1950s and the main concern of these studies was to study blackflies at specific locations. More recent studies put focus primarly on blackflies as vectors. Host preferences are an important aspect in the characterization of blackflies and all vectors in general. Host preferences of blackflies are highly variable among species, ranging from ornitophilic blackflies tied strictly to a single host species (S. euryadminiculum with specifity on common loon) to opportunist species feeding on both mammals and birds (S. vernum). Host preferences have been adressed in only small number of studies. Classic method used for determination of host preference is...
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Haemoproteus in passerines: Prevalence and infekction dynamics
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium are widespread genera of blood parasites from phylum Apicomplexa. Both genera have dixenous life cycle and their definitive hosts belong to the order Diptera. Both parasites can be found in birds where asexual division takes place. The infection with genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium is usually asymptomatic; during long lasting chronic phase relapses of the infection can occur. We gained 1 092 blood samples from 29 trapped species of passerines in Milovice forest during seasons 2017-2019. Haemosporidians were detected in 48 % of samples. The prevalence of genus Plasmodium was 16 %, the prevalence of genus Haemoproteus was 22 % and 10 % we could not specify the parasite. We have found six new lineages of genus Haemoproteus, provisionally named Haemoproteus lineages coccoc_1, coccoc_2, coccoc_3, coccoc_4, embcit, fricoe which total prevalence was 14 %. Lineage Haemoproteus sp. coccoc_1 was the most noticed one and its prevalence was 12 %. Plasmodium relictum clone Peng14-121Br2AF and isolate Cc_P1 was the second most prevalent (13 %). Infection dynamics was studied in samples gained in years 2014-2019. Forty individuals were examined between years and twenty-seven individuals were examined intraseasonally. Three individuals were trapped both intra- and...
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Haemoproteus in passerines: Prevalence and infekction dynamics
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium are widespread genera of blood parasites from phylum Apicomplexa. Both genera have dixenous life cycle and their definitive hosts belong to the order Diptera. Both parasites can be found in birds where asexual division takes place. The infection with genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium is usually asymptomatic; during long lasting chronic phase relapses of the infection can occur. We gained 1 092 blood samples from 29 trapped species of passerines in Milovice forest during seasons 2017-2019. Haemosporidians were detected in 48 % of samples. The prevalence of genus Plasmodium was 16 %, the prevalence of genus Haemoproteus was 22 % and 10 % we could not specify the parasite. We have found six new lineages of genus Haemoproteus, provisionally named Haemoproteus lineages coccoc_1, coccoc_2, coccoc_3, coccoc_4, embcit, fricoe which total prevalence was 14 %. Lineage Haemoproteus sp. coccoc_1 was the most noticed one and its prevalence was 12 %. Plasmodium relictum clone Peng14-121Br2AF and isolate Cc_P1 was the second most prevalent (13 %). Infection dynamics was studied in samples gained in years 2014-2019. Forty individuals were examined between years and twenty-seven individuals were examined intraseasonally. Three individuals were trapped both intra- and...
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Avian malaria in the Swallow
Krausová, Simona ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Long-distance migratory birds can encounter a wide range of parasites. Various populations of birds within one species use different migration routes and can also winter in different places. It can be supposed that birds which use different migration routes should be infected with different parasites. To study the relationship between the migration and the distribution of parasites we chose the worldwide species barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and the avian malaria parasites. Swallows migrate long distances in different migrating routes. Some populations of swallows do not migrate, they are resident. This is the reason why swallow is a good model species for finding the answers to questions whether the populations using different migration routes are infected with different parasites or not and whether or not the diversity of parasites is wider in populations which migrate long distances in comparison with the resident populations. The malaria lineages of the genus Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were detected using nested PCR and sequencing. 1242 samples from 8 different localities from the USA, Europe and Asia were tested. We detected 24 different malaria lineages. Within the genus Plasmodium 4 of 16 lines were detected for the first time and in the genus Haemoproteus 3 of 6 lines were detected for the first...
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