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Production and Preparation of Radiopharmaceuticals from the Perspective of Radiation Protection
HYKOVÁ, Kateřina
The bachelor's thesis summarizes knowledge regarding the entire process of providing radiopharmaceuticals for the purposes of positron emission tomography, from the production of radionuclides, through their transport to the nuclear medicine department, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals and their administration to the patient, especially from the point of view of radiation protection of workers. It describes what the principles of radiation protection in the field of nuclear medicine are in terms of the applicable legislation and how their application looks like in practice.
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Bio-electromagnetic compatibility
Matulík, Martin ; Rozsívalová, Zdenka (referee) ; Matulík, Radomír (advisor)
Following work deals with problems of effects of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms. It goes into interactions of electromagnetic radiation with environment, effects on living organisms, physical units of biological tissues and sorting types of electromagnetic radiation to determine means of protection against adverse health reactions. It enlighten means of establishing sanitary restrictions, differences in legal aspects at Czech republic and worldwide, possible medical utilization, even principles of selected diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. It looks into shielding effects of common materials, ordinarily used for protection against ionizing radiation via findings of practical measurements. Series of radiofrequency measurements has been done with precise spectrum analyzers, which should reveal some basic problems of frequency bands, ordinarily used in current period.
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Received dose analysis of the Hospital Třebíč, p.o. staff during the radiodiagnostic examinations
ŠOTKOVSKÝ, Aleš
The discovery of X-rays, made by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, was a major turning point not only in medical diagnostics but also in medical science as a whole. The discovery gave rise to a new field of medicine - radiodiagnostics. The field of radiodiagnostics has seen a rapid development, mainly since 1970s. Today, radiodiagnostic imaging methods have an indispensable place in medicine and no medical facility can possibly work without them. With the current fast development in the field of radiodiagnostics, both the extent of X-ray examinations available to patients and the number of patients examined by X-rays have multiplied. Unfortunately, this brings along a higher risk of exposing medical staff to ionizing radiation effects and associated undesirable consequences. To keep the risk at the minimum level and at the same time maintain the number and quality of examinations performed, it is necessary to strictly obey the principles of radiation protection at facilities with sources of ionizing radiation. I addition, regular inspections must be done to check if these principles are obeyed in reality. That is why the doses of ionizing radiation received by staff working at such facilities are monitored and regularly assessed. The objective of this thesis is to analyse the doses received by staff working with sources of ionizing radiation at Třebíč Hospital during the past ten years, when the hospital saw a significant increase in patients examined by radiodiagnostic imaging methods. The thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical section and a practical section. The theoretical section is based on both domestic and foreign literature. It describes the X-ray radiation itself, its origin, properties, effects and possible use. The theoretical section also explores ways to detect the radiation and the effects it has on living cells. There is a special focus on the protection from ionizing radiation, including the relevant legislation related to this subject and the individual principles of protection. The final chapter deals with dosimetry and thus relates to the research conducted in the practical section. The practical section is based on research. The objective of the research was to analyse the values of effective doses and equivalent doses measured in staff working at the Department of Radiodiagnostics and the central operation theatres in Třebíč Hospital from 2011 to 2021. The research sample included 51 staff members working at those departments for the whole ten-year-long period. The participants were divided into categories according to their departments and their job titles. During the period all staff members were monitored by personal film dosimeters produced by VF, a.s. company. The research was based on the data measured during the period in question.
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Setup and testing of alpha beta counter NA6201
RÖSZLER, Tomáš
This diploma thesis was focused on the Setup and testing of alpha beta counter NA6201 for measuring alpha and beta activity, which is located in the dosimetric laboratoriy of the Faculty of Health and Social Studies. Since the laboratory was moved to wing H, the equipment has been used for practical education or research sporadically. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis studies aspects of physics related to alpha and beta radiation, its dosimetry, monitoring and the working of detectors. The legal framework of this topic and the research system, resp. monitoring in the Czech Republic is also examined. In the practical part, this diploma thesis focuses on the set up of the NA6201 counter, its setting and measurement of samples. It also includes an assessment of the usability of the device in education and further research. In the practical part, it was found by comparative measurements that the NA6201 device is not able to reliably measure beta activity. The comparative measurement consisted of water samples collection from springs, their processing and determining the total beta volume activity. The Alpha-beta EMPOS EMS 3 automat was used for comparison. Further use of the NA6201 counter is possible only if the identified shortcomings of the current situation are solved, especially the absence of a chemical laboratory with the necessary equipment for sample processing and the absence of a methane cylinder. Proposed possible solutions are moving the device to more suitable premises or retrofitting the laboratory with necessary equipment.
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Analysis of the personal dosimetry results at the chosen workplaces at the Pilsen University Hospital
ŠEFLOVÁ, Daniela
In the diploma thesis with the above name, I have described the subject in general in the introductory part. The diploma thesis describes ionizing radiation, history and present, its types and uses as well as protective aids, which are necessary to use when working with ionizing radiation. I have dealt with the principle of monitoring workers, workplaces and patients, as well as limitations and all the quantities that describe or characterize ionizing radiation. In the next part of my diploma thesis I focused on dosimetry, where I described types of dosimeters. The diploma thesis deals with legislation - laws, decrees and government orders, which give the legal framework of the given issue. In the final part of this thesis I have described the radiodiagnostic activity in the Department of Digital Subtraction Angiography, Gastroenterology and Interventional Cardiology, Pilsen University Hospital, from whose activities I drew background material for this work. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the measured values of doses of ionizing radiation in the medical staff and to analyze the radiation protection provision at the Department of Radiology at FN Pilsen. For comparison, the measured values from the personal dosimeters of the medical staff at the mentioned workplaces at FN Pilsen were used. In the theoretical part I used all available sources, foreign and Czech literature. Resources are provided at the end of this paper. The work is focused on quantitative research, which I used in the practical part with statistics. All obtained values from personal dosimeters were obtained from the records of the University Hospital in Pilsen. The data presented in the diploma thesis are measured doses of healthcare personnel for the last seven years. Doses were measured using OSL dosimeters, which are today the most widely used dosimetry in health care. The main aim of the thesis, given that I work as a radiographer, was the examination of the doses of radiographers, doctors and nurses in the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Nursing in Pilsen, not in the patients who were examined in these departments. In terms of patients, this is a medical exposure, and in this case there is no limit for irradiation.
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Effect of the nitrogen flushing on stability of the TL dosimeter for Harshaw TLD 3500
KUBÍNOVÁ, Kateřina
It is absolutely necessary to know the achieved doses during patient irradiation for radiotherapy and doses management. Critical spots of the patient body are covered by dosimeters during whole-body irradiation via rotational technique. Thermoluminiscent detectors TLD 100 are used for in-vivo dosimetry at Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s., (Hospital České Budějovice Ltd.). Evaluation of results is done by a Harshaw 3500 device. Nitrogen atmosphere is required by the manufacturer for evaluation of the dosimeters. The main point of this bachelor thesis is to compare the sensitivity of the dosimeter evaluation in standard and nitrogen atmosphere. The zero hypothesis was confirmed by experimental investigation and statistic evaluation. The zero hypothesis assumes that mean values of the dosimeter response sensitivity factor are the same in both cases. The found results support the assumption that there is no need to change anything on the practice at the department of oncology and that dosimeter evaluation follows the best practice. Stability of the evaluation is ensured by annealing in TLD furnace. It eliminates the influence of small impurities and grease from the patient sessions. At the same time, annealing prevents the influence of fading.
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Optimalization radiation protection on department Radiodiagnostics FN Plzeň
ŠEFLOVÁ, Daniela
In the diploma thesis with the above name, I have described the subject in general in the introductory part. The diploma thesis describes ionizing radiation, history and present, its types and uses as well as protective aids, which are necessary to use when working with ionizing radiation. I have dealt with the principle of monitoring workers, workplaces and patients, as well as limitations and all the quantities that describe or characterize ionizing radiation. In the next part of my diploma thesis I focused on dosimetry, where I described types of dosimeters. The diploma thesis deals with legislation - laws, decrees and government orders, which give the legal framework of the given issue. In the final part of this thesis I have described the radiodiagnostic activity in the Department of Digital Subtraction Angiography, Gastroenterology and Interventional Cardiology, Pilsen University Hospital, from whose activities I drew background material for this work. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the measured values of doses of ionizing radiation in the medical staff and to analyze the radiation protection provision at the Department of Radiology at FN Pilsen. For comparison, the measured values from the personal dosimeters of the medical staff at the mentioned workplaces at FN Plzeň were used. In the theoretical part I used all available sources, foreign and Czech literature. Resources are provided at the end of this paper. The work is focused on quantitative research, which I used in the practical part with statistics. All obtained values from personal dosimeters were obtained from the records of the University Hospital in Pilsen. The data presented in the diploma thesis are measured doses of healthcare personnel for the last seven years. Doses were measured using OSL dosimeters, which are today the most widely used dosimetry in health care. The main aim of the thesis, given that I work as a radiological assistant, was the examination of the doses of radiological assistants, doctors and nurses in the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Nursing in Pilsen, not in the patients who were examined in these departments. In terms of patients, this is a medical exposure, and in this case there is no limit for irradiation.
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Evaluation of the clinical results of in-vivo dosimetry in oncology in České Budějovice
ČAJANOVÁ, Nikola
Today radiotherapy or treatment using ionizing radiation effects is one of the main methods of treatment of oncological diseases. Sufficiently high doses of ionizing radiation are able to inactivate and kill cancer cells. The surrounding healthy tissue, however, these effects of radiation is harmful. The strategic aim of radiotherapy is the removal of tumor bearing the least damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. The task of the radiotherapy is to find the optimum compromise between these two conflicting requirements. Radiation treatment planning is a very lengthy and complex process. It should be precisely executed, in order to maintain the highest efficiency and safety of the treatment. The destination volume identified by the radiation oncologist must be using various imaging techniques (CT) exactly localize before start the exposure. It is also necessary to make the determination of the size of the individual and the total dose, fractionation, irradiation conditions, the size and arrangement of irradiation fields, etc. The entire planning process is the need to constantly verify. Verification is carried out during the planning of the patient, irradiation conditions (System verification), the target volume (verification) and verification of dose (measurement) to ensure the highest quality of radiotherapy. Ensuring quality in radiotherapy deals with international Quality Assurance (QA), which by law must have each of the departments of radiation oncology in the Czech Republic drawn. This program defines the procedures to be followed in order to eliminate all inaccuracies that could lead to sub-optimal treatment of radiation excessive or insufficient exposure. One of the tools for QA in radiotherapy is also the in-vivo dosimetry, which is the main subject of this Bachelor's study. Part of the verification system, and as the last fuse QA throughout the algorithm of radiation treatment is in-vivo dosimetry. Using this technique, measure input and output radiation dose in terms of in-vivo, i.e.. directly on the patient. The measurement shall be verified, that the scheduled dose agree with a dose of radiation. In-vivo dosimetry is performed on radical cancer patients during external radiation on a Linear Collider. The radiation dose is detected by using semiconductor diodes or termoluminescent materials. In-vivo measurement is not only to control the dose delivered to the target volume, but also absorbed dose in critical organs or in situations where it is difficult to predict the dose. Through the in-vivo dosimetry in time can reveal various system inaccuracies or random errors for individual patients. To detect incorrect radiation doses are used tolerance limits. When exceeding the limits it is necessary to perform a detailed inspection of all steps of the radioterapeutic process. To get acquainted with the issue of in-vivo dosimetry and its representation in the current radiotherapy was handled by the theoretical part of the Bachelor´s thesis with the use of specialized information sources...
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Bio-electromagnetic compatibility
Matulík, Martin ; Rozsívalová, Zdenka (referee) ; Matulík, Radomír (advisor)
Following work deals with problems of effects of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms. It goes into interactions of electromagnetic radiation with environment, effects on living organisms, physical units of biological tissues and sorting types of electromagnetic radiation to determine means of protection against adverse health reactions. It enlighten means of establishing sanitary restrictions, differences in legal aspects at Czech republic and worldwide, possible medical utilization, even principles of selected diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. It looks into shielding effects of common materials, ordinarily used for protection against ionizing radiation via findings of practical measurements. Series of radiofrequency measurements has been done with precise spectrum analyzers, which should reveal some basic problems of frequency bands, ordinarily used in current period.
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The use of the TL dosimeters for measuring inhomogeneities irradiation
CANDROVÁ, Daniela
Radiotherapy has commonly been utilised to cure cancer for more than a century. It is counted among the fundamental branches of medicine and represents an effective local or locally-regional method of curing both cancer and some non-cancerous conditions. It utilises ionising radiation which unfortunately eliminates tumour cells along with healthy ones. This is why a wide range of harmful effects of the radiation can be observed on humans. Patients treated with radiotherapy are in some cases monitored with dosimeters so that the intended dose can be compared with what is really absorbed. Nemocnice České Budějovice, a. s. monitors the dose in expected locations of non-homogeneous irradiation using the aforementioned TL dosimeters during the process of rotary irradiation of Mycosis fungoides. Before actually being used in an in vivo dosimetry, these dosimeters must be properly calibrated and have their sensitivity adjusted. Other than that, they are fairly easy to use, do not require much time or money invested and are able to constantly monitor the dose received by a patient treated with rotary irradiation. This diploma thesis discusses the usage of TL dosimeters to measure non-homogeneity of irradiation. It therefore compares the doses received by patients in various parts of the body during irradiation by the TSEI method. These 22 irradiated patients had thorough measurements taken of the doses they received in the so-called black hole region, their axillae and neck while holding their arms up and with arms loosely positioned close to the body. The thesis also suggests the possibility of the dosimeters being used by the integrated emergency service to assist during rescues and demolitions performed in emergency situations when a leak of ionising radiation occurs. Using TL dosimeters would mean more precise measurements of the dose received by the involved personnel in various parts of their body. If a patient is treated with the TSEI method, the dose received is monitored in a reference point, critical areas and areas with residual infiltrations or tumours. Doses measured in critical areas indicate that should the acral parts of limbs be left uncovered, they absorb larger doses than the rest of the body. They thus exceed the intended dose significantly. In the case of fingers, the dose tends to reach as much as 3 Gy. Depending on clinical picture, the attending physician determines whether special covering should be used. This covering reduces the doses received to merely a few tenths of a Gy. There also tends to be a large difference in absorbed doses in axillar areas and the neck, depending on whether the patient's arms are held up or close to the body respectively. Test results indicate that holding arms up or keeping them close to the body on a particular side have always had a profound effect on the dose absorbed by the patient in this particular area. This means that the position of the body greatly influences how much is absorbed in various parts of the body. TL dosimeters are also used in other areas than in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy. An example of this could be determining the dose received in upper limbs of the workers monitored with thermoluminescent dosimeters in the form of bracelets or rings. They also serve to monitor the external irradiation of persons within the limits of the Czech Republic (TLD network). In radiation therapy, both the doses in skin and body are taken into account when conducting measurements. Depending on the data extracted, it is then possible to assess the course of treatment and ensure safe implementation of ionising radiation. Integrated emergency service teams deployed in cases of radiation emergencies are not considering using TL dosimeters so far, although they could most likely be used to ascertain the exact doses absorbed. Further research would however need to be conducted to either confirm or disprove the benefits of using TLD.
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