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Assessment of water mutagenicity
ECKER, Jacqueline
Since severe health and environmental problems are caused by mutagenic organic pollutants there are urgent needs for the determination of the mutagenicity of surface waters. This work summarizes the literature regarding the occurrence and determination techniques of organic pollutants with mutagenic potential. Additionally, some selected organic pollutants were quantified in surface waters. For pre-concentration Blue Rayon, a sorbent based on a copper phthalocyanine dye suitable for the concentration of polycyclic aromatic compounds with mutagenic potential, was used.
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The danger from thermal heat proccesing of food focused on grilling and hygienic knowledge of boarders
SELINGEROVÁ, Šárka
This bachelor's thesis deals with the risks following from the heat processing of food with focus on grilling and hygienic knowledge of boarders. It is split into the theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part describes and clarifies at first the heat processing of food generally as well as the changes taking place there, based on professional books and internet sources. Afterwards, the attention is devoted to operational and personal hygiene. Finally the thesis presents kinds of grills and analyzes chemical and microbial risks. In the practical part, the research was carried out by the quantitative method of questionnaires (CAWI), sent and handed over to a certain sample of inhabitants of the South-Bohemian Region. The questionnaires were anonymous and they included addressing the respondent and introduction for him/her, stating the reasons of the research and information to questionnaire treatment and processing. The questionnaire elaboration within this thesis was focused on the degree of the knowledge of public concerning microbial risks following from insufficiently treated food and chemical (first of all carcinogenic) substances coming into being during the heat processing of food, observing hygienic principles and comparing procedures while grilling in households and restaurants. The questionnaire for the lay public (households) consisted of 31 questions in total. The questionnaire for the professional public (employees of restaurant facilities) consisted of 41 questions. Both of these questionnaires contained open, half-open and closed questions. The practical part involved also the secondary analysis of the data to occurrence of illnesses caused by food based on monthly reports acquired from the department of epidemiology of the Regional Hygienic Station of the South-Bohemian Region, which was statistically evaluated by me. The main target of this thesis was to find out the level of knowledge of the professional and lay public about the risks following from grilling, to accentuate them and to compare the grilling procedure in the restaurant facilities and in households. Two hypotheses were set for the purpose of the research. Hypotheses, H1: ?The knowledge of risks of boarders following from home grilling depends on education? and H2: ?Risks of health problems following from grilling due to failure to observe the personal hygiene occur in more households?, were processed statistically by means of Pearson's chi-squared-test. All the acquired data were processed by Microsoft Office Excel in the form of charts and diagrams. During the thesis, the set targets were achieved and based on the statistic findings, both hypotheses were confirmed. It follows from the results that the questioned sample of the public from the South-Bohemian Region is not sufficiently informed of the risks following from grilling and how to eliminate these risks or prevent them. It was proved that the personal hygiene is observed more strictly in the restaurants than by the family members living in one household and therefore there is a higher risk of occurrence of health problems from grilling in households. Moreover the employees of restaurant facilities shall not only respect the personal hygiene, but also the operational hygiene and shall proceed according to the critical control points system (HACCP). But these rules are not respected in some cases, the reason of a complaint in 30% (3 of 10) restaurant facilities was that the grilled meal was not roasted enough. The thesis may serve as information material for the wide public, for boarders as well as operators and employees of various restaurant facilities. Its target is to point out the possible health risks following from the consumption of grilled food and also to describe how to decrease these risks on the lowest possible level, or to prevent them completely.
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As dust elements endanger health in Ostrava and surroundings
PURMENSKÝ, Roman
The environment is a very significant factor in our everyday lives from the aspect of impact on health. It affects us at work and in the home. From the aspect of atmospheric quality the condition of the environment in the Czech Republic is not very good and represents a serious problem in the Moravian-Silesian Region. Air-borne dust in particular is a very significant pollutant in the city of Ostrava. This work is concerned with atmospheric quality, particularly dust particles, in Ostrava. The work is divided into a theoretical and empirical section. The theoretical section begins with a brief presentation of the history of Ostrava City. I subsequently discuss the quality of the atmosphere throughout the whole Moravian-Silesian Region. The next chapter is specifically about the solid pollutants, which can be found in the atmosphere. This chapter also specifies the health risks, what causes the harmful effect, describes classification of dust particles depending on harmful component content, division of dust fractions into PM10 and PM 2,5 and describes the main sources of PM10 and PM 2,5 dust fractions. The next chapter is titled: Toxicologically significant substances bound to solid particles. One sub-chapter covers the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which includes the significant atmospheric pollutant called benzo(a)pyrene. The second sub-chapter covers the group of heavy metals and their characteristics with a description of their key harmful effects on human health. The next chapter, called measuring methods for PM10 fractions, covers classification of measuring methods for automated and manual metering stations. The following chapter discusses legislation concerning air-borne dust. The legislation is divided into two key Czech laws concerning protection of the atmosphere and additional European guidelines. After this chapter we mention the specific stations examining the quality of the atmosphere in Ostrava. The following stations were selected: Station Fifedy, Station Mariánské Hory, Station Zábřeh, Station Přívoz and Station Bartovice ? Radvanice. These metering stations are distributed throughout the territory of the city of Ostrava, thus providing results on concentrations of air-borne dust, which occurred during the period from 2006 to 2011 throughout the territory of Ostrava. Further chapters were devoted to emission limits for protection of human health and the maximum amounts by which these could be exceeded. The emission limits for specific pollutants over 24 hours and 1 calendar year are given in this chapter. The last chapter in the theoretical section is concerned with the smog situation and the conditions for announcing and ending a smog situation. The research or empirical section assesses the results of research, which focused on individuals living within Ostrava City and their awareness of the harmful dust. The results of the questionnaire survey are graphically portrayed in the results chapter. The results of measurements taken by the Czech Hydro-meteorology Office of PM10 dust fractions for the period between 2007 and 2011 are also processed here. These results are processed into tables for individual years with added with graphic portrayal. I used the questionnaire method for my quantitative research. This contained 19 questions and was distributed to 200 respondents, of which 106 were men and 94 were women. I used secondary data analysis for my additional research, which concerned dust particles. I believe that this work will be useful for offices in the field of communication with citizens, or it can be provided to citizens to read and to inform them of the problems concerning the atmosphere in Ostrava. I also believe that it may be recommended for reading by other towns and cities, which have problems with increased dust pollution.
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