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Contrast medium in the ultrasonography
BLECHA, Dalibor
Ultrasound method belongs to the most extended and easily available modern investigative diagnostic techniques. It is the step number one in the investigative diagnostic algorithm. The beginning of this method dates back to the early fifties of the twentieth century. With respect to the fact that the usage of ultrasound contrast agents and the development of an {\clqq}optimal`` contrast agent has not finished, I refer to some limitations and obstacles. Although this process is similar for all contrast agents in all fields of modern imaging methods. Implementing new findings and observations into a clinical practice is connected with lots of difficulties and obstacles that restrain their success. In the same way as the contrast agents found their application in various modern imaging techniques, the ultrasound contrast agents are also expected to find their place in the ultrasonography. This fact acknowledges my hypothesis and points at application of ultrasound method as the first choice.
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Diagnostic imaging methods in children with disorders of the lower urinary tract
VOLMANOVÁ, Martina
A large part of the population of all age groups suffers from the lower urinary tract diseases. The most reliable imaging methods proving the possible pathology not only in the field of urology are methods joint with the ionizing radiation. However this method has a negative impact on the human organism, especially in view of the ability of reproduction and possibility of tumorous disease occurrence. An especially risky group are patients of children´s age, on whom I concentrated in this thesis. Since the birth, various diseases of excretory system appear in children´s age group. Very frequent are urinary tract infections leading to the vesicoureteral reflux. In chapters of this thesis the methods are analyzed which could be taken in consideration for the diagnostics of the vesicoureteral reflux. The most frequently applied methods, i.e. X-ray methods and methods without ionizing radiation, which are the most suitable ones thanks to the absence of radiation load are compared here. The target of this thesis was to summarise the knowledge concerning the voiding cystourethrography in comparison with the methods without ionising radiation, i.e. the magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, to define the diagnostic possibilities of the methods without ionising radiation and to recommend the way of their application. Moreover, I evaluated the work of radiological assistant during applying these methods. I performed an examination in the Radiological Department of the Hospital of České Budějovice a.s., where I collected the information concerning the diagnostics of the lower urinary tract and how the individual methods are applied. In 2009, 116 voiding cystourethrographies were performed here on 58 girls and 46 boys in the age ranging from 1 week to 18 years incl.. The most voiding cystourethrographies were performed on children up to 1 year of age. The same number of ultrasonographic examinations was performed, however, only as control examination after the voiding cystourethrography. The examination by means of the magnetic resonance imaging is not performed at all. During 116 examinations by the voiding cystourethrography, 42,3% pathologic findings were discovered, in the most cases vesicoureteral reflux. The activity of the radiological assistant was necessary only during the voiding cystourethrography. After examination of the individual methods I can conclude that the X-ray voiding cystourethrography is unambiguously the {\clqq}golden``, i.e. most common standard in the diagnostics of the vesicoureteral reflux and further pathologic phenomena causing the lower urinary tract diseases.
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CT laser mammography
BAČOVSKÁ, Michaela
According to the data from the Ministry of Health, malignant breast tumours rank in first place in terms of the most frequent malignant tumour disorders in women in the Czech Republic. Every year over 5500 new cases of breast carcinoma are diagnosed, with approximately 2000 women dying each year as a consequence of this disorder. In September 2002 blanket screening for breast cancer was officially launched in the Czech Republic. Its main task resides in identifying breast carcinoma in its early stages, and also in prolonging the survival of patiens due to more effective treatment of the initial stages of the disorder. After the introduction of screening there was logically also an increase in the recorded incidence, and at the same time there should be a reduction of mortality. The endeavour to scan breasts commenced with the development of X-ray examination methods and with the general development of new technologies in the last century diagnostic methods also came to the forefront. Progress was achieved primarily in the area of X-ray examination methods, whilst at the same time there was a parallel development of entirely new methods. Today computer tomography, magnetic resonance or emission computer tomography are entirely available. In terms of scanning breast glands the greatest progress was recorded by mammography, an in close linkage by ultrasound. In addition to these basic and proven methods, the latest development in mammodiagnostics enables us to use also new examination methods, which are used as supplementary methods. One of these is CT laser mammography (CTLM), which is used in several countries worldwide. In the Czech Republic the radiodiagnostice clinic of the Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital in Prague and the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute in Brno have access to a CTLM machine. As the name indicates, this concerns breast scanning using laser rays. CTLM displays the physiological vessel structure in the breast, as well as any angiogenesis if present.
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Demands on radiology assistants at three-dimension visualization
ČECH, Svatopluk
Fast development of three-dimension visualization in radiology relates to more sophisticated diagnostic machines, with the development of computer technology and digitizing. Increasing demands on radiology assistants in operating programs of reconstruction images increase the importance of their position at modern radiology workplace. Three-dimension images offer exact and undistorted images of patient's anatomy, they give better diagnostic information for physicians - radiologists and more objective imagination for physicians - clinicians. They find the application in a number of examinations in skiagraphy, angiography, computer tomography, magnetic resonance and ultrasonography. We can say that three-dimension visualization substitutes other examination which are invasive and represent certain complications for a patient. The question is whether some three-dimension examination can reduce radiation load of a patient. We can suppose that digital imaging methods will be part of near future and three-dimension visualization and further development of computer technique will acquire still more impact in diagnostic of many diseases.
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Methods of Visualization for Diagnostic Aneurysmats Abdominal Aorta
SEDLÁČKOVÁ, Eva
Abstract Methods of Visualization for Diagnostic Aneurysmats Abdominal Aorta The subject of my work is to define frequency of individual methods of vizualization which are used to diagnostic aneurysmats abdominal aorta. The work contains also a research which enabled me to get a view of the role of radiographics at work. The questionnaire which should have found out the role of radiographics during CT and MR angiography, the instrumentaion of the individual working places and some technical parameters passed through at first. The obtained data were worked up two ways and the questionnaire was analysed. The second part of my work was to define the frequency of single methods of vizualization for a certain collection of patients. With the help of data, which were obtained from the system PACS in Nemocnice Na Homolce, the frequency of examinations with ultrasound, angiography, CT and MR angiography was defined. The definition of the radiation loading, which the patients from the collection during CT angiography were screened, followed. I also dealt with the estimate of the radiation loading of each patient during diagnostic angiography. Publications refering to this subject, the questionnaire, the data obtained from PACS and from the operation log of Nemocnice Na Homolce were the main sources to process the information. The method which is used the most frequently to diagnose aneurysmats abdominal aorta is CT angiography with the intravenous application of the contrast medium. Ultrasound is another significant method. It is clear from the questionnaire that responsibilities of radiographics are nearly the same at every working place. My work could be used as studying material for trainers.
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Diagnosis and endovascular treatment of iliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease
PĚČKOVÁ, Kristýna
The occlusion disorder in the area pelvic and femoral arteries should be for the patient fatal health complication. Therefore it is important know all risks, which should go before, know the disorder and last but not least is a crucial chapter diagnostics and in final phase treatment. I chose this subject, with the view of give to pertinent readers all above - mentioned information on those problems. For diagnostics of occlusion disorder we use imaging radiodiagnostic methods. For spatial display were developed method of spiral CT angiography ( CTA ), magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA ), a modification of classical angiography {--} digital subtraction angiography ( DSA ) and ultrasonografi (UZ). UZ is part of the basic investigate method of his noninvazive. Spiral CTA is method, which is based on two and three dimensional display using special programmes. Display magnetic resonance is noninvasive examination procedure and is derived from classical nuclear MR. MRA is once from possible examination practice which serves complex information on relation surrounding weaving to vessels and haemodynamic blood flow. DSA allows observation of flow vessels and by the help of digitizing image its graphical processing. Medication of okluziv disorder areas saucepan s and femur s arterys including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( PTA ) and implantation stent.
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The role of individual imaging methods in neuroradiology - development, the use and limitations
PEKÁREK, Vlastimil
Neuroradiology is the branch of radiodiagnostics dealing with the diagnosis of brain and spinal cord diseases. Morphological methods as X-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound, DSA are emloyed. Recently examination procedure have made a rapid development. Some methods once frequently used were put down. Other methods were abandoned as they were invasive, demanding and diagnostically less efficient. They were replaced by new methods that are diagnostcally more precise, patient friendly and recently available qite well. These are primarily CT and MRI that dominate in diagnostic imaging of central nervous system.
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Conventional imaging procedure in radiology with a view to urogenital system (the education programe)
DVOŘÁČEK, Petr
In my work I concentrate on the basic examination methods for the urogenital system. It is about excretory urology (VUG), cystograph, cystouretrograph, retrograde uretrograph (ascending), histerosalpingograph (HSG), retrograde (ascending) pyelograph and antigrade (descending) pyelograph. Very detailed I describe the indication, the preparation and the follow through of the examinations. I am trying to compare non-invasive and invasive methods in the diagnosing of the urogenital system. I use the statistics of chosen hospitals in south of Czech Republic area in the time-span between 2000 and 2006. The modern radiodiagnostics methods together with the non-invasive and invasive methods in the diagnosing of the urogenital system still have non replaceable meaning in algorithm of the examinations in the urogenital system.
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