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Termické zpracování komunálních odpadů v České republice
Krábková, Žaneta
This thesis deals with the thermal treatment of municipal waste in the Czech Republic. The first part defines basic concepts and legislation in the field of thermal waste treatment. There is characterized by the concept of incineration, combustion, waste, energy recovery, etc.. The next part focuses on the historical development and current waste management and energy recovery. Much of the work is devoted to technologies, equipment and supplies used within the thermal treatment of municipal waste in the Czech Republic. Finally, work is discussed thermal treatment of municipal waste in the Czech Republic, the possibility of addressing the negative attitudes towards incineration of municipal waste in the Czech Republic, etc.
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Energetické využití nerecyklovatelného směsného komunálního odpadu
Laštůvka, Igor
The aim of the dissertation was set in respect to the decline of caloric value of waste at SAKO Brno incineration plant and decrease of the amount of MSW at landfill in Nemcice in Hana. Smart goal was defined to increase the caloric value of municipal waste components by at least 5%. The theoretical part is basically a comparsion of the development of municipal waste in landfills and combustion. There is also described the historical development of municipal waste management in different times and countries in the paper. Used technologies and individual components raised at landfilling and combustion are compared and scrutinized. This topic is very current since the European Union supports most forms of combustion, in order to minimize landfilling in the next 10 years. The practical part shows technology of waste to energy from municipal waste. There is a procedure set for the classification and sieving of municipal waste, so the energy components are separed and the heating value is increased. There were 3 compared to samples of wastes caloric value was measured in the process within the incinerator SAKO Brno. Highest calorific value was measured for sample no. 2 - communal waste enriched with 1/5 weight plastics calorific 13.09 GJ.t-1. When the calorific value of the operating amounth for producing 42.55 tp.h-1 was needed 10.04 t.h-1 one of said sample. The suggestion part determines the specific procedure. The output is the energetical and economical benefit for the incinerator and the economical benefit for the landfill. We can say that both technologies are maximally used. The conclusion and recommendations summarize all the benefits of the technology, including the risks and opportunies that are associated with this method.
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Advanced Computational Tool for Flue Gas Cleaning System Design in Thermal Processing of Waste
Kropáč, Jiří ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Ucekaj, Vladimír (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
The thesis describes the development of a computational tool that allows sophisticated analysis and design of flue gas cleaning technologies for thermal treatment of waste. The assessment of a technological composition of the process in terms of energy consumption, temperature of the flue gas stream and ensuring the fulfilment of emission limits allows estimating the influence of flue gas cleaning system on parameters of an up-to-date waste incinerator. The work is based on an already created computational system. Its output will be integrated into a software system with a user-friendly interface. Creation of the computational system is based on the performed research in the given area. The work presents sets of operational values and relationships describing current technologies used to reduce harmful emissions in the flue gas from thermal treatment of waste.
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Heavy Metals Transfer during Waste Incineration
Karásek, René ; Noskievič, Pavel (referee) ; Kabát, Viktor (referee) ; Skála, Zdeněk (advisor)
The municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material that consists mainly of organic and mineral substances, metals and water. After thermal treatment this waste redistributes into individual incineration products. This also holds for the metals contained in the waste. This thesis deals with the behaviour of heavy metals and their compounds during the incineration process. Determining the percentage content of heavy metals from the waste entering the process of thermal utilization is practically impossible. The principal aim is to determine the amount of each heavy metal in the MSW from the incineration products. The opening sections of the thesis deal with waste, options of incineration, flue gas cleaning processes and also with the problems of the heavy metals in the environment. The next section introduces recent developments, what possibilities there are for determining the heavy metals in the waste and methods of data evaluation. The experimental part of the thesis introduces of a four-day measuring process that was conducted at the MSW incineration plant SAKO, Inc. The samples of the individual products of incineration were taken and after the laboratory analysis the results for the selected heavy metals were processed. The results include statistical data analysis.
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Absorption Cleaning of Flue Gases Arising from the Incineration of Wastes
Jecha, David ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Žaloudík, Petr (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
This doctoral thesis deals with potentials of methods for cleaning of flue gas from pollutants such as acidic components. Wet method of flue gas cleaning is analysed in detail with special focus on elimination of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Introduction presents advantages and disadvantages of thermal processing of waste and production of undesired pollutants. Following parts comprise facts about main pollutants produced from incineration. Legislation providing for emission of gaseous pollutants from incinerators is also given. Chapter concerning methods of pollutants elimination is mostly focused on absorption (wet and/or semidry scrubber) and adsorption methods. Several up-to-date technological procedures are mentioned; they have a multifunctional effect such as elimination of acidic components, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzo-furanes from flue gas using single injection of suspense. Elimination of mercury (Hg) is among the technologies for heavy metal elimination which is described in detail. Main part of the thesis is related to experiments at two-stage flue gas cleaning equipment. Function of this experimental unit is described along with methods for measurement of individual quantities and detailed description of all the equipment and its components. Experimental measurements carried out at this equipment are explicated and assessed. Along with experimental work, the author has created a simulation model of wet flue gas cleaning in ChemCad programme. Particular operational parameters were tested on this model. This thesis contains results of the measurement which provide background for verification of the mathematical model. Further, the balance of heavy metals conducted on the basis of measurements in waste incinerator is displayed. Main contribution of the thesis may be summed up as follows: Author has designed and constructed experimental equipment for two stage flue gas cleaning. He also formed calculation for pressure drop of O-element prototype equipment and for packing column with FLEXIPAC structured packing. He created data file with measurements at the experimental unit. He determined temperature at outlet of a random device where liquid is injected into stream of hot flue gas. He designed a simulation model which is identical with experimental equipment and which usage enabled comparison of measured and calculated data; it also serves as a basis for industrial applications. Last part deals with creation off heavy metals balance in a case industrial waste incinerator.
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Simulation of technologies for thermal treatment of waste
Venhoda, Tomáš ; Kropáč, Jiří (referee) ; Pavlas, Martin (advisor)
This thesis mainly deals with the thermal treatment of waste - hazardous waste incineration and energy recovery municipal waste incinerators - their descriptions and analysis of legislative conditions. The flue gas cleaning system energy production in different operating modes is assessed by energy and mass balances. Computational models are developed for this purpose. On this basis, productions of energy from thermal treatment of hazardous and communal waste were compared.
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Evaluation of the alternatives of PCDD/F removing in the incineration plants
Frýba, Lukáš ; Kropáč, Jiří (referee) ; Bébar, Ladislav (advisor)
The thesis is focused on analyzing the current status of the technology used for cleaning flue gas from persistent organic pollutants, especially PCDD/F. For the three most commonly used methods of solution operational and energy efficiency comparison was made, where achievable energy export and the impact of the change in working conditions on the efficiency indicators of energy production and use of the energy was evaluated. In conditions we considered an alternative machine-technological solutions used for the final disposal of persistent organic pollutants resulting from the waste combustion in terms of additional operating costs and energy efficiency.
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Clinical waste, their collection, transport and disposal
Fribertová, Marcela ; Mašek, Ivan (referee) ; Kizlink, Juraj (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with our legislative standards and legal laws, which adjust dealing with clinical waste. It also describes how to prevent its occurance. There is handling and logistics of the clinical waste describes in this thesis too. The greatest part of this thesis deals with decontamination of clinical waste and it describes common decontamination processes and machines as well.
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