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Role apoptózy a nekrózy makrofágů mléčné žlázy skotu
Klimešová, Monika
This bachelor thesis is aimed to the role of apoptosis and necrosis of bovine mamma-ry gland macrophages provides an overview of macrophages that are part of nonspecific immunity. It describes their development from pluripotent bone marrow cells via monocytes to macrophages and their importance in the bovine mammary gland, which inc-ludes the phagocytosis of microorganisms and dead cells, the production of cytokines, and the stimulation of cells that regulate inflammatory responses. In the next part the bachelor thesis is focused on individual types of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis). They describe their structural, biochemical and genetic features and subsequent events that take place after cell death, ie. the removal of dead cells from the organism. The effects of cell death on the surrounding tissue are also of no signifi-cance. At the end of the work are summarized the basic differences between apoptosis and necrosis and their roles during the inflammation of the bovine mammary gland.
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Sledování mastitidních patogenů u vybrané skupiny dojnic
Klimešová, Monika
Diploma thesis „Monitoring of mastitis pathogens in selected group of dairy cows“ gives an overview and basic information about pathogens occurring in dairy cows Holstein breed AGRAS Bohdalov a.s. and outlines a wide range of methods or procedures for preventing these pathogens. It describes the importance of supporting the immune system and the main pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus xylosus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae. Subsequently, the thesis points to various ways of prevention such as vaccination or genetic selection. The practical part of the thesis evaluates the results of the performance control over a period of two years (February 2016 – January 2018), together with the health status of dairy cows during their life, Also the results from a genetic laboratory are included and are describing the analysys of genotypes of selected mastitis genes (CD14 and CXCR1).
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Různé strategie terapie a prevence mastitid dojnic
Bednářová, Vladana
This theses verifies the efficiency of a preventive (antimastitis) plan for a specific farm and the efficiency of the therapeutic protocol used for dairy cows infected by Staphylococcus aureus during dry stand. The introduction of this theses sets of the overview of methods of prevention of the mastitis and its treatment including the influence at the mammary gland of high productivity dairy cows. In the practical part the comparison of milk samples from the year before the preventive plan came into an action and the year after the start of the preventive plan has been made. Further the efficiency of chosen therapy has been made. This theses compares milk components of individual dairy cows (fat, proteins, somatic cells count and lactose) during the period, when cows has been evidently infected by Staphylococcus aureus and during the period when there has been no evidence of Staphylococcus aureus pathogen. Using the mentioned comparison, there has been observed the affectability of milk components during the infection of mammary gland with Staphylococcus aureus. Then the milk components of treated cows has been compared to the milk components of healthy cows never infected by Staphylococcus aureus. This comparison has been made to decide if the yield of treated cows achieves the yield of healthy cows. Based on the evaluation of the examined data, the success rate of treatment was 88 %. The milk components affected by the pathogenic microorganism Staphylococcus aureus are mainly somatic cells and fat in milk. From pool samples and the comparison of meantioned milk performance indicators, it has been found that the preventive program has been successfully implemented and met expected results.
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Prevence a léčba mastitid dojnic
Kosourová, Gabriela
The aim of the bachelor thesis is the prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy cows. The first part deals with the anatomy of the mammary gland. The second part, milk production will be discussed. In the next part, the division of mastitis will be discussed and described. Each mastitis has different symptoms, course of infection, duration of treatment and mainly pathogen resistance to antibiotic treatment. In the final part will be discussed diagnostics, treatment and prevention. In prevention, I will focus on the correct procedure for milking, stable environment and dry-off.
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Vliv onemocnění mléčné žlázy na chování dojnic
Bodláková, Anna
This bachelor thesis deals with the influence of the mammary gland disease on the behaviour of dairy cows Czech fleckvieh cattle. The disease was mastitis. The laterality of the lying was monitored. Monitoring was carried out in 3 summer and 3 winter months. One part of the observed animals were medicined by a veterinary and the other part had a somatic cells over 400,000 in 1 ml of milk in the control of production. In these animals, the diseased quarter was analyzed by NK mastitis test. Dairy cows medicined by a veterinary were more likely to lie on the side where there was no inflammation. This suggests that dairy cows did not lie on the diseased part of the mammary gland because of pain. For cows detected from the control of production, the inflammation had no effect on the laterality of lying. Because the process of inflammation was not evidently so significant for them, the pain does not affect the choice of the hip for lying.
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Vliv různých typů podestýlky na parametry mléčné užitkovosti dojnic holštýnského skotu ve vybraných chovech
Maňáková, Michaela
The aim of this diploma thesis was based on analyze and following synthesis evaluated the effect of different types of bedding on milk performance parameters dairy cows of Holstein cattle. The experiment was carried out during one calendar year (February 2017 to January 2018). The monitoring was carried out once a month, one day after performance check in three selected farms – Company A (Farma Zdeňka), Company B (ZOD Lešná), Company C (ŠZP NJ). In the companies was used high bed with manure separation and ground limestone, a high bed covered with straw, deep bed with a sandwich of the first type with a layer of separating manure and ground limestone and deep bedding. Between milk performance parameters were included data of the order of lactation (n), days in milk (n), milk production (kg), content of fat (%), content of protein (%), number of somatic cells in thousands in 1 ml (PSB in thousands/ml). At the same time was determined the air temperature (° C). The results shows that the best type of housing cows was housing with deep bed with with a sandwich of the first type with a layer of separating manure and ground limestone according to number of somatic cells in the milk (145,6 thousand/ml) and the occurrence of mastitis (2,9%), as well as the milk production (36,9 kg) and the milk components content (3,9% fat and 3,4% proteins). The highest number of somatic cells (company B 419,3 thousand/ml and company C 378,9 thousand/ml) and the highest percentage of clinical mastitis (7,7% in company B and 5,7% in company C) were achieved dairy cows housing on high beds with a separation manure at companies B and C.
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Vliv vybraných faktorů působících na výskyt zánětů mléčné žlázy u holštýnských dojnic
Dvořák, Jan
This bachelor thesis analyses factors that affect the occurrence of mammary gland inflammation of Holstein cows. The factors such as frequency of inflammation, position of inflamed teat, season, succession of lactation and bacterial strain infection affected milk production of tested dairy cows. The study was performed at the milk farm Zeras, a.s, Radostín nad Oslavou. Each cow with inflammation disease was monitored and the cause of the disease was analyzed. The study was performed in the period between 23/9/2016-13/10/2017 and all the data from this period were statistically analyzed. The total number of detected mastitis was 237. The occurrence of mastitis was most frequent in the autumn (75 cases). The numbers of mastitis were increasing with each lactation, except for the fourth lactation. The average manifestation of the disease was on the day 119 of lactation. The most affected part of the udder were left forward and left ba-ckward quarter (70 and 63 cases, respectively). The majority of mastitis was caused by gram-positive bacterial infection (213 causes). The milk production of diseased dairy cows significantly decreased. The most significant factors affecting the milk production are the season, order of lactation and inflammation location. The influence of all the three factors were highly statistically significant.
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Vliv lipopolysacharidu a muramyl dipeptidu na lymfocyty mléčné žlázy jalovic
Kabourková, Eliška
The objective of this study was to get a better knowledge of lymphocyte apoptosis, surface expression of CD44 on lymphocytes and infammatory cytokine production (TNF-alfa, IL-4, IL-10, and TGFbeta 1) throughout inflammatory response of bovine mammary gland caused by bacterial toxin lipopolysacharide (LPS) and muramyl dipeptide as a structural unit of peptidoglycan (MDP). In the experiments, there were used LPS and MDP at the specified concentrations (5 microg and 500 microg, respectively). The inflammatory response was analysed at selected time points (24, 48, 72, and 168 h) following stimulation of the mammmary gland. As a control, the same volumes of physiological saline solution was used. The lymphocyte apoptosis and the surface expression of the CD44 on the lymphocytes were detected in the mammary gland lavages collected from the 8 clinically healthy virgin Holstein x Czech Pied heifers by flow cytometry. Further, it was analysed the concentrations of the cytokines at the same selected time points by an ELISA method. The itramammary instillation using LPS and MDP resulted in the highest lymphocyte apoptosis 48 hours after the inductor challenge. The receptor CD44 was highly correlated with the lymphocyte apoptosis occurrence. It is likely that CD44 receptor is present throughout lymphocyte apoptosis process. The cytokine concentrations obtained indicate that the cytokines may play a role in apoptosis during mammary gland infammation.
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Využití kultivačních metod v diagnostice zánětů mléčné žlázy ve vybraném chovu dojnic
ULMOVÁ, Kateřina
The goal of my thesis was to evaluate origin of mastisis diseases and specify the best way to cure this disease with antibiotics. Secondary goal was to examin origin of things that cause these diseases, efficiency of the cure and how it is influenced by the stage of the illness. This research was made in cowshed, fron april to december 2018 with 136 specimen. During this period I took samples of milk, that had more than 800 000 somatic cells in 1ml of milk. Based of possitve NK test, samples of mammary gland were taken and cultivated on one used only Petri dish. Depending of the origin of the infection, the proper atibitics were chosen for the cure. After 7 to 14 days after antibiotics treatment, milk sample was taken from the cured part od mammary gland and It was tested to see, if the treatment was successful. 77% of the specimen were sick because of microorganisms and most of the specimen were afflicted the most during 1st lactation (36.8% to 47.1%). Following microorganisms caused mastisis - Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Candida rugosa a Enterococcus faecalis. 36% of mastisis was caused by Staphylococcus spp. (KNS), followed by coliform bacteria (22%). 17% of mastisis was caused by Streptococcus uberis. 10.5% of specimen was infected by Enterococcus faecalis. Candida rugosa was found in 7.4% of the samples and in 9.5% of samples the diseasehad no specific microorganism responsible. From 105 infected cows, 68% of them fully recovered. At the end, based on the stage of the mastisis, efectivness of the treatmend was statistically evaluated. The evaluation showed, that stage of infection massively influence the result of the treatment.
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Faktory ovlivňující výskyt mastitid ve vybraném chovu a návrh jejich řešení
TLUSTÁ, Tereza
A mastitis is an inflammatory illness of a milk gland, currently the mastitis is one of the most common health problems in cattle breeding. In most cases the mastitis is caused by bacterial infections of an udder, it can be also caused by viruses, protozoa, yeast, algae and molds. There are huge variety of factors reducing defensive immune mechanisms of the udder and predispose a cow for the inflammation. An etiology of mastitis and mainly ways of prevention are very interesting not only for dairy cows breeders, but also for researchers, scientists and veterinarians. Main reason is economy of dairy cattle the inflammation of milk gland reduces actual milk production, it can influenced milk yield in next lactations and lenght of productive life of the dairy cow too. Usually culling rate and death rate grow. The mastitis has negative effect on reproduction and health status of the cow, especially on hooves' health; that also leads to shortening of cow's productive life and necessity of faster replacement of affected cows by heifers. An aim of this work is to found out risk factors which enlarges chance of the mastitis. Rate of mastitis is influenced by an age of a cow and a number of lactation, a number of days in lactation, an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation, cases of mastitis at the 1st and next lactations and health problems on start of a lactation. A number of treated teats is influenced by an age of a cow at the 1st calving, an yield of the previous lactation and days of the dry-period. Negative effect of mastitis on the reproduction wasn't completely demonstrated; there were only found out that higher number of treating cases extends time between calvings.
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