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Trypanosomes of ungulates with emphasis on Europe
Brotánková, Anna ; Rádrová, Jana (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
Trypanosomes are veterinary and medically important parasites causing serious diseases and significant losses in livestock farming. Two subgenuses of trypanosomes were identified from ungulates in Europe. Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, flagellates of the subgenus Trypanozoon, could cause fatal infections to their hosts. Other Trypanosoma theileri, T. cervi, T. stefanskii, T. melophagium and T. theodori were discovered in European ungulates from the second subgenus Megatrypanum. These trypanosomes are common parasites in Europe, especially Trypanosoma theileri and T. cervi. On the other hand, T. evansi and T. equiperdum are occuring rather sporadically. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Megatrypanum are less significant because their lower medical and economical impact. They are generally apathogenic and so do not cause any clinical signs. Both morphological and phylogenetic informations of European trypanosomes are summarized in this work as well as details about their pathology, vectors and records of evidence in Europe.
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The role of trampling trails of wild ungulates in the vegetation of semi dry grasslands
Vacková, Nikol ; Horčičková, Eva (advisor) ; Mládek, Jan (referee)
Animals affect vegetation in many different ways. In this thesis we have focused on the impact of wild ungulates in the Czech Republic (wild boar, red deer, sika deer, roe deer). These animals affect vegetation with grazing, defoliation, defecation, browsing and other activities. We decided to study the effect of browsing. The animal trails are formed by browsing animals. These trails can be easily recognized due to long-term browsing. They are especially caused by trampling, which affects vegetation in many ways. The aim of this study is to determine how the vegetation of dry-grasslands (Festuco-Brometea) responds to long-term trampling caused by wild ungulates. We found that on trails, there is more bare soil, less litter and lower vegetation. In its close proximity, there is also a slightly greater diversity of plants than in control samples. Species like Plantago media which are growing straight on the trail, have adapted to trampling, while smaller shrubs (eg. Rubus, Crataegus), start to appear 2 meters from the trail. Using Ellenberg values, we found out that heliophile species, which grow on the trails and the species in control samples need more moisture and more nitrogen. Using the experiment with transplanted blocks, we learned how vegetation responds to the introduction/exclusion of...
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Effect of Trampling on the Vegetation of Dry Grasslands
Vacková, Nikol ; Horčičková, Eva (advisor) ; Husáková, Iveta (referee)
1 It has been proved that the effect of vegetation trampling (Anthropogenic and animal) significantly changed. The aim of this study was to gather available information of these changes and effects of secondary factors, particularly focusing on the dry-grasslands (Festuco-Brometea). Vegetation on trampling disturbed areas is already much lower, it has less vegetation cover and there is more bare soil. On the bare soils increases temperature and greater evaporation of water. Due to changes of climatic conditions of microhabitats the diversity of species is changing. Vegetation is not changed only on the trampling trails, but also in the surrounding area, up to a distance of 2 meters from the trail. Most vulnerable to trampling and most susceptible for changes in vegetation are moist habitats, the most resistant type of vegetation is thermophilic dry-grasslands. The behavior, abundance and intensity of browsing animals have also effect on vegetation changes. Animals during their browsing vegetation disperse seeds and plants spread beyond their natural occurance.
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