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Possibilities of patients with breast cancer in relation to reconstructive plastic surgery
GALUŠKOVÁ, Soňa
Possibilities of Breast Cancer Patients in Connection with Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Oncological disease is one of the diseases basically no one is able to influence. It is not a disease anyone would want. It starts slowly, stealthily and is often overlooked. Yet, oncological disease always changes our whole past life, within family, workplace, and our leisure activities, both in physical and psychological terms. Any patient deals with this disease differently, also the approach to these patients has to be highly individualized. Every patient goes through all the phases of the disease at a different pace and with varying success and every patient copes with it in a different way and is then able to return to his or her old life. Oncological disease is one of the most serious diseases and I dare say that breast cancer is for women very traumatic, changing their position in all roles; intensity is usually placed on a woman?s psyche. Every woman needs an individual approach from a physician, non-physician and especially from her family. The disease does not affect only the patient, but also the whole family and her environment. This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of breast cancer patients in connection with plastic reconstructive surgery. Four objectives were set... The first objective was to determine the level of patient awareness of the possibilities of reconstructing the missing breast. The research showed that patients lack information and the majority of respondents received complete information from a mammologist, or a surgeon when dealing with the primary breast cancer diagnosis. The second objective was to find out whether patients are interested in co-decisions on the method of breast reconstruction. Based on the research, we concluded that yes, they are interested in deciding on the method, but it is important for them to have enough information and to know the doctor?s opinion. The third objective was to see whether patients have the opportunity to co-decide on the method of breast reconstruction. The results showed that patients have the possibility to decide on the choice of method, but in dependence on the possibilities, which are for each patient individual. It is not possible to use and select from all methods for each patient, it is necessary to approach each respondent individually and with complete knowledge of the course of her disease. The fourth objective was to define the most frequent patients? questions in connection with breast reconstruction. The results of interviews showed that the most frequently asked questions related to the length and number of hospitalizations and return to the social, professional and personal life. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts?theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part describes the historical development of reconstructing the missing breast, primary cancer disease and its classification. A greater part includes the possibilities of reconstructing the missing breast and specific nursing care for these patients. To process the empirical part of this thesis, qualitative research was chosen. The method of questioning, using semi-structured interviews with open questions, was selected. The research sample consisted of 11 patients at the Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital in Pilsen and 1 client of Mama Help Center in Pilsen. Three research questions were formulated. 1. What are the obstacles to the lack of information about breast reconstruction? The research shows that the patients outside the big specialized mammological centers have less access to specialized information and the research shows generally apparent absence of written information for patients on this topic.
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Use of support groups of patiens after breast surgery
PETRŮ, Lenka
Use of support groups for breast surgery patients This thesis examines the importance of support groups in the lives of women after breast surgery. In these modern times, there are more cases of disease won and fought not so his life. All thanks to the timely capture of the tumor. Still does not diminish the number of patients. The theoretical part of my work is divided into two parts. The first part deals with breast cancer. Thus, especially breast cancer, its treatment, which is divided into several species. A nursing care, which includes not only physical but also psychological aspect of man. In the second part was to define the term support group. And a few selected groups, their goals and services offered and provided to people with various diseases. Two goals were set. The first objective was to investigate the reasons for support groups, and the second objective was to determine their contribution to patients after breast surgery. Research was conducted by interview, conducted with patients attending the breast after surgery support group Arcus-Life in Czech Budejovice. Were determined two research questions. Research question 1: What are the reasons for support groups of patients after breast surgery? The answers showed that the reasons for the use of support groups are more, but the main reason is the sense of belonging and security. Research question 2: How patients perceive the benefits of breast surgery in the use of support groups? Patients from support groups in the Czech Budejovice reported as a contribution from the same understanding of female patients, the possibility of answering many questions, valuable advice and tried and tested tips. Based on the results leaflet was created, which can be used not only in support groups, but also in departments where there may be these patients such as surgery, oncology. The leaflet set out the reasons why a group visit, a group what they can offer and what they can get in the group.
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Radiotherapy of breast cancer
TRAKALOVÁ, Barbora
Diagnosis code C50 represents malignant neoplasm of breast. It is the most frequent tumour disease in women. In 2009, 5975 cases were newly diagnosed in women in the Czech Republic and 1607 women died of this disease. There exist many risk factors which can cause tumour such as hereditary disposition, age, menses, menopause and other factors. At the same time, we can influence many factors and so prevent the disease. Prevention is also important, whether in the form of self - investigation of breast or mammography screening, which is recoverable by insurance from the age of 45. Treatment of breast carcinoma includes a lot of medical modalities such as surgical, hormonal and biological treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This thesis deals in more details with radiotherapy which is irreplaceable in treatment of this disease. Radiotherapy is a treatment of malignant and benign tumours by means of ionising radiation. In order to treat patients with radiotherapy, a team of doctors and radiologists shall create an individual radiation plan for them including the exact target volume, critical organs, radiation technology, fractionation and particular radiation exposure, radiation position and many other data necessary to accurate irradiation. A technology of two tangential fields is the most applied technology at breast cancer treatment. This technology is also applied in Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s. where I have created a file of 60 patients with breast carcinoma treated on oncology department in the year 2011. There have been used 536 verification images on the whole, it means 1608 evaluation. In course of treatment a patient should have an identical radiation position, which is reached with irradiation and fixation aids. However, from various reasons small or bigger deviations from the optimal position happen and therefore a possibility of irradiation of another volume than the required target one can occur. It is necessary to be aware of the fact that during a treatment of oncology patients there can often appear change of weight, change of body shape of a patient and at advanced stages even also change of physical state and movability of a patient. Therefore large deviations can happen in patients with breast carcinoma namely for example in case of breast deformation or abnormal loss of weight due to the treatment. In Nemocnice České Budějovice a.s., the maximum allowed deviation for vertical, lateral and longitudinal axis is stated 0,7 cm and for rotation 3°. I have noticed the acquired deviation values from verification images into a chart and consequently into a figure where are shown the average deviations and frequencies of these deviation in particular axes for each radiation field. The biggest deviation has happened in vertical axis and the average deviation in that axis was 0,29 cm. The maximum allowed deviation was exceeded only at 3 %, so at 45 deviation from the total evaluation. This thesis should prove the fact that verification images enable to prevent possible errors during radiotherapy. This hypothesis has been confirmed because only 3 % evaluation exceeded the maximum allowed deviations. Verification images enable us to disclose wrong irradiation position, therefore only the target volume is irradiated and follows no irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissue and critical organs.
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The role of the nurse taking care of patients with breast cancer.
KRBCOVÁ, Julie
The actual issue regarding the female population consists in a high incidence of pathological breast findings that can be benign but even most frequently malign. For my bachelor thesis, I chose the theme "The Role of a Nurse in Providing Nursing Care for Women with Breast Tumors", because these issues remain still topical. Basic theoretical grounds of the thesis describe female breast anatomy and pathology. They inform us about problems regarding the causes of the tumor disease and the most common symptoms of the disease. The use of up-to-date diagnostic methods (primarily mammography) and their wide accessibility within a screening program take a significant part in a high percentage of early detected stages of the disease. Breast tumor surgery belongs to the operations demanding from both physical and psychic aspects. The role of a general nurse in providing preoperative and primarily postoperative care is important. A nurse provides a complex nursing care, observes nursing care principles to satisfy individual patient? needs. A nurse does not forget to give information, minds the education, sympathetic access and psychic support of a patient. This bachelor thesis was devoted to the issues of a nurse role in providing postoperative nursing care to patients with breast tumor. The first objective was to describe specific aspects of nursing care in patients after surgery for breast tumor. The second objective was to find out the role of a nurse within a postoperative period in patients with breast tumor. Two research questions were set to fulfill those objectives. The first research question: "Which specific nursing activities does a nurse perform within a postoperative period in patients after breast surgery?" The second research question: "What role does a nurse hold within a postoperative period in patients with breast tumor?" A qualitative research inquiry was used to process the research part of this bachelor thesis. A semi-structured interview was used as a data collection method. The research inquiry was performed in the Department of Surgery of the České Budějovice Hospital, Inc. The first research question surveyed specific nursing activities of nurses performed in patients after surgery for breast tumor. The answers showed that nurses were familiar with specific nursing activities which they performed within postoperative period in patients with breast tumor. Specific aspects described by both the nurses and patients are narrowly associated with the intervention they underwent and which is specific itself. The second research question found out the roles of a nurse within a postoperative period in patients with breast tumor. From the results of answers given by both nurses and patients is clear that the following roles of a nurse were fulfilled: a communicator, an educator and a bearer of changes. Some educational and illustrative tools (silicone breast phantom for the self-examination instruction) intended for nursing personnel are one of the possibilities how to achieve an effective application of nursing interventions in breast tumor prevention and how to help nurses to improve the relation of communication and education on these issues. The results of my bachelor thesis could be used as an information material that could serve to an improvement of the quality and effectiveness in nursing care for the experienced nurses as well as for beginning ones who meet such patients at their job. The results of my research inquiry could be used as basic material to elaborate some lecture for a professional seminary or conference intended for nurses.
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The effects of mastektomie on social life of women with breast cancer
VIKTOROVÁ, Vendula
Breast carcinoma is at present one of the most frequent diseases of women which affects all areas of woman ´s life and becomes all-society problem. It is an oncology disease which brings a woman and her close relatives a huge psychical and physical stress. One of the possibilities to cure the breast cancer is the chirurgical removal of the whole breast (mastectomy), which is a huge change not only in woman ´s social life. The thesis gives information on breast carcinoma, risk factors for the onset of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnostics and the treatment of breast carcinoma. Further, it describes the possibilities of reconstruction therapy, rehabilitation and psycho- social effects of cancer. The objective of the thesis was to find out if and how mastectomy influences the social life of women. For the data elaboration the method of quantitative research by means of questioning was used. The questionnaires were addressed to women with breast carcinoma after mastectomy. The research group was created by the clients of General Faculty Hospital in Prague. The questionnaires were anonymous and voluntary, in the form of 25 closed and semi-open questions. Hypothesis H1: negative influence of mastectomy depends on the partner ´s attitude and the family support, was proved. Hypothesis H2: mastectomy negatively influences single women and women without children, was also proved. Hypothesis H3: women after mastectomy are of worsened occupational use, was disproved. The research has shown that the question of solving social issue in women after mastectomy is more and more up- to-date. Average age of respondents is 51 - 60 years. In the question concerning the change of life in women after mastectomy were most frequently mentioned the problems with the change in dressing, sport activities and psychical problems. The awareness of women on rehabilitation, reconstruction operations, possibilities of using epithesis and also on the civic partnerships focused on breast diseases should improve.
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Management of Breast Cancer
Šimková, Veronika ; Střítecký, Rudolf (advisor) ; Lešetický, Ondřej (referee)
Breast tumors are not only main incidence of tumor based load of women population, but they are still the most common cause of death in the area of tumor diseases. 1950 women dies on breast tumors every year, which is 37 out of 100 thousand women. Overall are breast tumors cause of deaths in 3.5% women in population. Despite still growing incidence of breast tumors, death rate caused by this type of tumor stagnate on long tearm basis, which clearly shows improvement in treatment success mostly thanks to higher finding in earlier stages. In our country is in 28 years evident shift of incidence into younger age groups, which starts to be obvious in age group of 40-44 years already. Today's prevention possibilities are on high level. It depend's only on patients themselves, if they will obey these rules. At early finding illness of breast carcinoma is prognosis of recovery high. Because of this disease topicality I've decided to process this topic and expand my knowledge.
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Breast cancer
Gablerová, Pavlína ; Střítecký, Rudolf (advisor) ; Križan, Karol (referee)
In this work the topic of breast cancer treated more generally and mainly focused on risk factors for the development. The theoretical part describes the general knowledge about breast cancer as a stage or treatment. The practical part is to have clarified the risk factors that have some bearing on the diagnosis of breast cancer. What level are involved in the probability of occurrence? Can we eliminate them? As a comparison of risk factors examined in the Czech Republic, England, Australia and the United States.
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