Adaptace hemoglobinů u paprskoploutvých ryb

Mánková, Pavla

Ray-finned fishes represent an exceptionally diverse group inhabiting a wide range of aquatic environ- ments characterized by significant variability in physicochemical conditions, particularly in oxygen availability, temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure. Hemoglobin, as a key protein responsi- ble for oxygen transport, exhibits considerable structural and functional variability that often reflects adaptations to these environmental conditions. This thesis focuses on the evolution of hemoglobin, with particular attention to its molecular adaptations, including amino acid substitutions, differences in gene expression, isohemoglobin switching, and genetic polymorphism. These mechanisms enable fishes to adapt to various aquatic conditions such as hypoxia, Arctic and Antarctic waters, or other extreme environments. The thesis further summarizes current knowledge on the evolutionary origin of hemoglobin and examines the diversity of hemoglobin genes, their organization into gene clusters, and the importance of gene duplications in generating functional variability. Attention is also given to physiological mechanisms regulating oxygen binding, including cooperativity, the Bohr and Root effects, and the role of allosteric effectors. In addition, selected examples of hemoglobin adaptations in...

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