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Study of disassembly/reassembly mechanisms of ferritin protein cages and their utilization in nanomedicine
Krausová, Kateřina ; Fohlerová, Zdenka (referee) ; Heger, Zbyněk (advisor)
Diploma thesis deals with the study of dissociation and reassociation of ferritin protein cages and their use in nanomedicine. Most studies that are focused on targeted transport of pharmaceuticals using ferritin cages work with horse spleen ferritin. It is, however, its origin, which leads to increasingly frequent questions about possible immunogenicity in the patient's organism, which also provides the main motivation to test the possibility of encapsulation of low-molecular drugs into ferritins originating from alternative organisms. In the practical part the method for the study of dissociation was experimentally designed. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to study dissociation of equine ferritin composed of different subunit, human ferritin, and archeal Pyrococcus furiosus ferritin. The obtained subunit dissociation results were used to encapsulate the low molecular chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and for further characterization of the ferritin-doxorubicin complex. The efficacy of the designed nanoformulations has been verified in the treatment of malignant breast cancer. Human ferritin proves to be the optimal one. Its composition of heavy subunits corresponds to a lower protein stability, thus a more efficient opening of the structure and consequent encapsulation of the cytostatics occurs. With its 60% encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin, low polydispersity index, effective cytotoxicity of ferritin-doxorubicin complex and minimal risk of immune response to the patient's organism, human ferritin achieves better results than commonly used horse spleen ferritin.
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Physiotherapy with dynamic neuromuscular stabilization elements in oncological patients after mastectomy
Háblová, Karolina ; Aujezdská, Eva (advisor) ; Plevová, Kristýna (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with physiotherapy with elements of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization in oncological patients after breast ablation. The aim of the practical part is to use objective measurements to evaluate the benefit of preoperative and early postoperative physiotherapy on the patient's overall recovery. The evaluation took place three times - as a part of preoperative treatment, after surgery and after the end of the physiotherapy intervention. For this, postural locomotion tests (diaphragm test, intra-abdominal pressure test, quadruped rock forward test and test of a 3-month-old supine position), measurements of inspiratory and expiratory chest circumferences, range of motion measurements on the upper extremities and cervical spine, and measurements of arm circumferences were used. It was found that physiotherapy had a positive effect on the overall recovery of the patients. In addition, the elements of the DNS have been shown to be a suitable adjunct to the analytic exercise and could be used along with other proven methods in post-mastectomy women-patients. Keywords: Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization, breast cancer, muscle dysbalance, physiotherapy, mastectomy
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Breast cancer - women's awareness of secondary prevention options
Košáková, Dominika ; Černý, Andrej (advisor) ; Laštůvka, Zdeněk (referee)
The topic of this bachelor thesis is breast cancer, which is one of the most common cancers in women from the Czech Republic. This thesis includes theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part was focused on the description of the issues related to breast cancer. Initially, it guides the reader through the anatomy and development of the female breast. The following chapters then introduce the reader to the different types of breast disease, either benign or malignant. Risk factors, symptoms of the disease, and current methods of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are also described. The last chapter elaborates on primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of breast cancer. In the practical part, two main objectives have been set. The first was to find out what is the awareness of women about secondary prevention and the second was to find out whether women are actively involved in it. These two objectives were further explored through nine sub-objectives. The research investigation was carried out using an anonymous, quantitative questionnaire survey conducted at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic of the First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University in Prague. Data collection at the clinic took place from 1 November 2022 to 31 March 2023 and was carried out using a...
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The role of chemotherapy, hormonal and biological treatment in breast cancer therapy
BOUCHALOVÁ, Linda
The bachelor thesis deals with the pharmacological treatment of breast cancer. Breast tumours are the most common cancer in women in the Czech Republic, therefore, in the introduction attention is paid to its incidence and mortality. Furthermore, the theo-retical part of the thesis briefly describes the basics of breast anatomy and physiology, explains the differences between benign and malignant breast tumours and also fo-cuses on the origin and diagnosis of this disease. The chapter on systemic treatment describes the main topic of the thesis - pharmacological therapy of breast cancer, inc-luding chemotherapeutic, hormonal and biological treatment. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to determine the level of patients' awareness of the possible risks of pharmacological treatment. The actual side effects of the treatment are described in the theoretical part of the thesis.
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Male breast cancer
PEŠLOVÁ, Lucie
The topic of this bachelor's thesis is carcinoma in men's breasts. Breast's carcinoma belongs to one of the most tumour disease of women. Tumours of mammary gland could affect even men, even though it is relatively rare. Approximate ratio of women and men tumour in breasts is 100:1. Due to its rareness in men population, significant part of the patients does not even realise that they could be affected by breast carcinoma. This type of ignorance could be the reason of late diagnosis of the disease and even a worse prognosis. The first part of the bachelor's thesis is focused on theoretical information with a description of a breast's anatomy, a brief overview of tumorous diseases and its classification and dividing. Subsequently it pays attention to high-risk factors, particular machinery used for detecting of the disease. It also includes the therapy of breast carcinoma itself including specific information about radiotherapy. The theoretical section is constructed from specialized publications, articles, and internet websites by literary research. The practical part of the bachelor's thesis has two main goals. First of them is to find out the exact rate of men awareness about breast carcinoma with directing it on their knowledge of possible occurrence of this illness in men's population and potential symptoms and treatment. An anonymous form with 21 questions was made to find out the results needed for this thesis. In this questionnaire 58 men have participated in total. The second aim of the thesis was to preform an analysis of the number of men and women, whom was breast carcinoma detected in the period from January 2017 till December 2021. Gained data was afterwards compared with literature, which states the approximate ratio between men and women breast disease 100:1. The data for the practical part comes from computer database of 3 oncological centres, which are Oncological department Hospital České Budějovice a. s., Oncological clinic University Hospital in Prague and Oncological department Hospital Jihlava a. s. File included 30 male patients and 4075 female patients in total.
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The role of a radiology assistant during a vacuum biopsy
BEDNÁŘOVÁ, Anna
In the Czech Republic, several screening programs are carried out. Mammography screening is a program that has the longest history in the Czech Republic and boasts very good results. The goal of this screening is to find a tumor in the breast that is still intangible and is only a few millimeters in size, and thus to provide the woman with ideal treatment results. The basic method of investigation that is used is mammography screening, after scanning, in case of a questionable finding, it is performed for subsequent examination of the breast by sonography, images with spot compression, CORE-CUT biopsy, vacuum biopsy and very occasionally, if indicated, magnetic resonance imaging. Vacuum biopsy (SVAB) is a breakthrough in the diagnosis of breast tumors. The goal of my bachelor thesis was to find out how often a breast examination is performed using a vacuum biopsy. The bachelor thesis is focused on the role of a radiological assistant in vacuum biopsy. The aim was also to find out the age structure of women and the correlation between malignant and benign findings. For age structures, the goal was also to determine by nonparametric testing the existence of a link to normal distribution. Operationalized hypotheses were formulated to meet the test and correlation objectives. For the bachelor thesis, the data was obtained from the central Medicalc archiving system at the EUC clinic in České Budějovice. Since this method is carried out at the EUC clinic for a short time, the data for the bachelor's thesis was drawn in the range of 2020-2021. By analyzing the data, it was found out that stereotactic vacuum biopsy (SVAB) was performed a total of 118 times during the above-mentioned period. The results showed that the examination of the breast by vacuum biopsy has clear indications. Mostly it is carried out to verify the formed calcifications in the breast, whether these calcifications have a benign origin, or are the beginning of an emerging malignant process. Further, the SVAB is performed to verify lesions that are visible on mammography images and do not have a clear ultrasound colerat, and thus it is impossible to perform a classical CORE-CUT biopsy.
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Breast cancer in women.
STAŇKOVÁ, Michaela
This bachelor thesis deals with the topic of breast cancer in women. The work consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part of the thesis first describes the anatomy of the whole breast, symptoms and causes of breast cancer. Not only the diagnosis of the tumor itself, but also the treatment of breast cancer is described in detail. An important point of this part is the education of women midwives about breast cancer, especially in the prevention of this disease. The practical part describes a quantitative research survey. The aim of the work was to find out the awareness of women about breast cancer. Another goal was to find out from what sources women find information about breast cancer and the prevention of this disease. Two hypotheses were established for these purposes. The first hypothesis was: Older women have more knowledge about breast cancer than younger women. This hypothesis has not been confirmed. The second hypothesis was established: Women with higher education perform breast self-examination compared to women with lower education. This hypothesis was also not confirmed. Data collection took place using an online questionnaire, which was completely anonymous. The questionnaire consisted of open, closed and semi-open questions. The research group consisted of 300 women active on the social network Facebook and other Internet servers aged 15 - 75 years. Most women responded between 15 and 24 years. The data were processed together with graphical and tabular evaluation thanks to Microsoft Excel 2007. Furthermore, the data were statistically evaluated using the chi square test and Student's T-test. Graphs and tables were prepared from the resulting answers, which show the answers of the respondents. The research found that women are informed about breast cancer. The most common source of information about breast cancer was the Internet, which was mentioned 163 times. The respondents were divided into two groups according to their age, the younger and older group, where the younger group consisted of women aged 15-44 and the older group consisted of women aged 45-75. Although there were a total of 248 younger women (82.7%) and 52 older women (17.3%), age did not appear to affect knowledge about the disease, so this hypothesis 1 was not confirmed by a statistical test. The research also showed that 196 (67.4%) respondents perform breast self-examination. Of these, 84 are women aged 15-24. On the other hand, 95 (32.6%) respondents do not perform breast self-examination, of which 56 women are also aged 15-24. The concept of breast self-examination is known to 291 (97%) women out of 300 (100%) women and once a month 89 (45%) women perform this self-examination of the breast. A total of 180 (91.84%) women have the impression that they perform this examination correctly. For example, 291 (97%) women knew that mammography was an X-ray method designed to show breasts, and 213 (71%) women knew that it was examined by an insurance company from the age of 45. It will be possible to publish the results of the bachelor's thesis at professional lectures or seminars.
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Detection of mutations and intragenic rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by sequencing and MLPA method
PECHOVÁ, Kristýna
In my bachelor thesis I dealt with the detection of mutations in BRCA genes and their effect on the development of breast cancer. Nowadays, this topic is very important, because breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the Czech Republic (Weinberger a Zikán, 2016). In the theoretical part I focused on breast cancer, particularly on its diagnosis and consequent treatment. I also dedicated genetic counselling and examination, which is very important for the diagnosis of hereditary forms of cancer. I mentioned basic information about BRCA genes, and their protein products and I summarized the issue of mutations in these genes and their relationship to cancer, particularly breast and ovarian. In the practical part, I focused on the examination of selected areas of BRCA genes by the Sanger sequencing method. At present, BRCA genes are examined by the NGS method, because it allows for the analysis of all exons of one particular gene at once, but this testing wasn't possible to realize in my laboratory conditions, therefore I have chosen the method of Sanger sequencing, which does, however, have certain capacity limitations. By using the PCR method, I prepared samples for testing by Sanger sequencing. This testing was conducted by the firm Genseq s.r.o. In the last part of my thesis I processed the obtained sequences and I evaluated the results. I examined a total of 20 anonymized samples using the sequencing method. Mutation was present in 4 samples of the total amount - one was pathogenic, one benign and two of uncertain significance.
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Breast cancer immunohistochemistry
HYŽÍKOVÁ, Sabina
In my bachelor thesis I deal with imunohistochemical examination of breast cancer. I performed the research at the Department of pathology at the hospital in Písek. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part In the theoretical part I deal with anatomical structure of the breast, clinical symptoms, diagnostics together with imaging methods. Next risk factors, including genetic and hormonal aspects of breast cancer. Prognosis and also by prevention of tumor development and subsequent treatment of this disease. I summarized the general classification of tumors representing staging and grading. I also described pathological structures of the breast as benign and malignant lesions. In the practical part I deal with the description of the immunohistochemical method, I focused on how the method works and especially how the whole histological process looks like. I worked with a total amount of 218 biopsy samples of breast tissue, which were subsequently stained with this method and I determined 5 markers (oestrogen and progesterone receptors, HER-2/Neu, Ki67 and E-cadherin), which were used in their diagnosis. Based on the negativity of ER, PR and HER-2/Neu, I evaluated fourteen triple-negative lesions. Hormone receptors showed numerous positive results more than negative ones, while HER-2/Neu expression showed only slightly higher positivity in hundred and twenty two cases compared to the remaining ninety six negative cases. The results of the practical part of my bachelor thesis was finding, that the most prevalent histologic subtype of breast cancer is the invasive ductal carcinoma, which was represented in one hundred and ninety two cases, another type was invasive lobular carcinoma represented in twenty two cases and six ductal carcinoma in situ. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to present a brief description of the issue of breast cancer and point out the representation of the most frequently diagnosed subtypes as well as to describe the execution of a method that is typical for detecting breast cancer-associated receptors.
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