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Influence of Health Regimen on Immune System
Kotrč, Jan ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Janoušková, Svatava (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the influence of lifestyle on the immune system and project-based teaching of the immune system in elementary school biology. The theoretical part is devoted to embedding elementary school biology and topics covering the curriculum of the immune system in curricular documents and literary research of the immune system and related topics with regard to life management and the definition of project teaching. The aim of the practical part was to design, implement and evaluate the project teaching of the immune system, intended for the 8th year of primary school. The teaching evaluation was carried out in two parallel classes of the 8th grade at a selected primary school with a sample of 41 pupils. The goal of the evaluation was to verify the knowledge about the immune system and to find out the subjective evaluation of the implemented teaching for pupils of two eighth grades at a selected elementary school with an interval of two weeks. The data was collected using a pretest and posttest and a questionnaire to determine the subjective evaluation of the project day by the pupils. The goal of the implemented project was to acquire knowledge of the immune system and connect it with the already acquired knowledge of practical principles of life management and the development...
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Physiology and Pathology of unconventional lymphocytes
Zubatá, Ivana ; Novák, Jan (advisor) ; Szotkowski, Tomáš (referee) ; Vydra, Jan (referee)
MAIT cells, mucosal-associated T lymphocytes, are a group of immune cells that have both innate and adaptive immunity abilities. They are defined by the expression of a semi-invariant TCR chain. They exhibit anti-infective potential with cytotoxic effector functions and immunomodulatory capabilities. The primary activation pathway is through the MR1 molecule of the non-classical MHC Ib class which is exerted in defense against bacteria and mycoses. MAIT cells are also able to TCR-independent activation by proinflammatory cytokines. They are involved in cytokine storms mediated by bacterial superantigens and in antiviral defense. They respond rapidly by producing a wide range of inflammatory mediators, including the repertoire of adaptive immunity Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocytes. Recent work shows resistance to some xenobiotics. This dissertation presents the results of an investigation of the phenotype of MAIT cell subpopulations measured by flow cytometry. By stimulation with ionomycin and PMA we analyzed their repertoire of cytotoxic abilities. In the main research project the hypothesis of anti-infective potential and resistance of MAIT cells to xenobiotics is applied to clinical practice in the field of haematooncology. The thesis presents evidence for a protective role of MAIT cells during the...
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The Human Colon and the Variability of its Microbial Colonization from Adaptations to Different Environmental Conditions
Peterová, Lucie ; Vančata, Václav (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
This bachelors's thesis focuses on the study of the human large intestine and the variability of its microbial colonization in relation to different environmental conditions. The human large intestine is considered to be a dynamic ecosystem that is populated by a diverse community of microorganisms known as the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome plays a key role in host physiology, influencing digestion, the immune system and energy metabolism. This thesis summarizes the current state of knowledge in the literature regarding the human large intestine and its microbial population, focusing on the adaptation of the intestinal microbiota to different environmental conditions such as diet, antibiotic use and disease occurrence. It also analyses the impact of lifestyle and environmental factors on the gut microbiota, including the effects of stress, physical activity and geographical location. The thesis provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the gut microbiome and highlights its importance in maintaining human health. The variability of microbial colonization of the gut is a fascinating phenomenon that deserves careful study and understanding. Understanding these processes may contribute to the development of new strategies for maintaining and restoring a healthy gut microbiota that could...
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Immune System: Project Based Learning at the 2nd Level of Elementary School
Kotrč, Jan ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
This thesis is focused on lifestyle and the relationship between lifestyle and the human immune system. The theoretical part is dedicated to the literary research of the immune system, its definition, physiology and anatomy and lifestyle factors, such as nutrition, physical activity, stress and hardening, as well as the definition of the concept of project teaching. Of all the connections between lifestyle and the immune system, this work devotes the most space to nutrition. The practical part of the work includes the design, implementation and evaluation of project teaching in the scope of four lessons at the 2nd grade of the elementary school in Radonice. I designed the project called "How to support immunity" as a project intended to be implemented within the subjects of the Human and health education area and is included in the 6th grade. It is a year-long project that requires the creation of several working groups. The duration of the project is one teaching day (four teaching hours). The goal of the project is to connect knowledge of practical principles of life management to support the optimal function of the immune system in everyday life, as well as the development of competencies such as the ability to search, sort and present information and collaborate on a common task. The final...
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Helminths in the mammalian lungs: migration strategies and pathology
Butula, Dan ; Majer, Martin (advisor) ; Novák, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarizes the knowledge about the migration strategies of medically important pulmonary helminths and their laboratory models and describes the pulmonary pathology caused by these helminths. Helminths typically enter the lungs within hours or days after infection and often migrate from the lungs to other body organs. Certain species migrate through the lungs intravascularly (schistosome larvae and in certain cases filarial larvae), but others enter the lung parenchyma directly (roundworm larvae, Strongyloides hookworms, adults of Paragonimus flukes, and the metacestode of the tapeworm Echinococcus) or colonise the pleural cavity (adults of Litomosoides sigmodontis and young adults of Paragonimus flukes). This, together with the time spent in the lungs, influences the pathology caused. During this time, mechanical damage to the lung tissue, granuloma formation, infiltration of immune cells, emphysema formation, remodelling of lung tissue and blood vessels, and more can occur. Excretory secretory products of helminths contribute significantly to the pathology, which, among other things, are used as a tool to modulate host immunity and shape the migratory pathway through the lungs. This topic is of particular importance in terms of elucidating the pulmonary processes that are...
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Host immune response in cutaneous versus visceral form of leishmaniasis
Matějková, Barbora ; Leštinová, Tereza (advisor) ; Jelínková, Kristýna (referee)
Parasitic protozoans of the genus Leishmania circulate between vectors and hosts during their life cycle, in which they come into contact with the immune system. In the host body, infection can lead to the development of a disease called leishmaniasis. This can manifest itself in a number of ways, with the best known forms being referred to as visceral, mucocutaneous and cutaneous leishmaniasis. This thesis focuses on the host immune response during the cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis. In addition, attention has been given to host, vector and parasite factors that differ between cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis forms and that may influence the different clinical manifestations. Attention is paid not only to factors related to immunity, but also to factors such as parasite inoculum dose sizes, temperature differences between skin and internal organs, parasite genetics, and others. Keywords - Leishmania, visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, immune response, parasite, immunity
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Malformations/anomalies in the development of cestodes
Aliaskerova, Madina ; Schreiber, Manfred (advisor) ; Chanová, Marta (referee)
Anomalies in tapeworms can appear spontaneously under natural conditions, at both morphological and developmental level. In adult tapeworms, malformations at morphological level are manifested on the scolex and strobila. Their detailed description can be found in Taenia saginata, Taenia pisiformis, Taenia solium, Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiense, Dibothriocephalus latus, Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis microstoma. In the larval stages of Taenia crassiceps, the malformations occur predominantly on the skolex. Morphological malformations may be manifested by multiplication of suckers or change in the appearance and number of hooks, change in the structure of the genitalia, occurrence of lateral segments, fenestration of the strobila or occurrence of multiple planes of symmetry. However, these malformations can also be caused by targeted radiation exposure, temperature stress or anthelmintics. Developmental anomalies are also manifested by spontaneous appearance of tapeworms in different parts of the body in different host species. There is a link between anomalous infections and the immune status of the host. Possible causes of anomalies include damage to neoblasts, lack of a proper immune response by the host, anthelmintics, host diet, or environmental influences.
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Behavioural immune system in humans: perceptual and affective component
Slavíčková, Kateřina ; Schwambergová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Dlouhá, Daniela (referee)
This bachelor's thesis aims to summarize the available literature on the human behavioral immune system. In addition to the physical immune system, the behavioral immune system represents another defense mechanism against pathogens. It consists of a variety of psychological mechanisms that enable timely avoidance reactions to potentially risky stimuli, thereby reducing the energetic costs that would otherwise be expended in a metabolically demanding immune response. The thesis introduces the functioning of the behavioral immune system, starting with the detection of risk cues followed by an emotional response - disgust, which is considered a key mechanism leading to an avoidance reaction. Furthermore the Development of the feeling of disgust is described. The work also includes an outline of inter- individual differences in disgust.
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Maternal adaptations to pregnancy depending on the sex of the fetus
Nekolová, Denisa ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Roberts, Kateřina (referee)
For the mother, pregnancy is a period of significant physical changes and transformations. The mother's physiological adaptations, including hormonal and immunological changes, and behavioural adaptations serve to ensure a successful pregnancy. However, different manifestations of these changes can be observed depending on the sex of the fetus. While human chorionic gonadotropin reaches higher levels in pregnancies with a female fetus, testosterone concentrations are higher in the presence of a male fetus. At the same time, increased levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins have been detected in the presence of a male fetus. However, inconsistent results regarding the sex of the fetus can be observed when focusing on the levels of cortisol and progesterone. Adaptive protective mechanisms play an equally important role in embryo protection. In line with the expectation that the more vulnerable male fetus would require increased protection, higher levels of disgust sensitivity were observed in mothers pregnant with boys. In the case of pregnancy-related nausea, however, increased levels were repeatedly reported in mothers expecting girls. Thus, a deeper understanding of these mechanisms should be the subject of further studies.
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Vitamin D and its functions
De Brito, Christina ; Kočovský, Pavel (advisor) ; Máčová, Ludmila (referee)
Vitamin D is known for its role in the regulation of the metabolism of minerals in the body. Its deficiency is mainly associated with rickets and osteomalacia, characterized by defects in bone growth and development. However, the limits of this hormone's action extend much further. It can influence the differentiation of immune cells, thereby regulating the immune response and cell proliferation. After the discovery of its immunoregulatory functions, vitamin D became a hot candidate for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, vitamin D was found to exhibit a suppressive effect on cancer cells. Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor associated with the development of encephalomyelitis, schizophrenia, autism, and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, vitamin D analogs are being developed that are just as effective but do not affect calcium metabolism, thus eliminating the toxic effect of high doses of vitamin D. Key words: vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, cholecalciferol, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, calcitriol, immunity, immunoregulatory function, vitamin D deficiency, autoimmune disease
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