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Targeted Killing as a Counterterrorism Instrument: Evaluating Impacts on The Islamic State and Al Qaeda
Štěpán, David ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Hynek, Nikola (referee)
This study analyzes targeted killing as a counterterrorism instrument and evaluates its impacts on the Islamic State and al-Qaeda in two separate case studies, one analyzing the death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi while the other assesses the impact of the killing of Osama Bin Laden. The theory of leadership decapitation is applied in this thesis and the academic discourse on this theory is discussed. Additionally, moral and legal aspects of targeted killing are also briefly considered. The analysis combines a quantitative approach in the form of descriptive statistics of data regarding terrorist attacks with qualitative evaluation of other counterterrorism policies and political as well as societal aspects surrounding the operations. There are some general suggestions regarding leadership decapitation that are validated in this study. Various factors need to be considered when employing targeted killing in counterterrorism, such as the structure of the terrorist group as well as its age. This study presents evidence that targeted killing of high-ranking terrorist leaders is likely to increase the use of suicide bombing in the short-term period after leadership decapitation. It also points out evidence that there is no correlation between targeted killing and the decrease of casualties from terrorism....
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Timely Expansion of the Security-Liberty Balance: Norm Diffusion and Convergence between the EU and UN in Counterterrorism Sanctions Regimes and the Impact of Kadi
Turcsan, Virag Imola ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Aliyev, Huseyn (referee) ; Biagini, Erika (referee)
[Dissertation Title: Timely Expansion of the Security-Liberty Balance: Norm Diffusion and Convergence between the EU and UN in Counterterrorism Sanctions Regimes and the Impact of Kadi] [Submission Date: July 2020] [Glasgow Student Number: 2095315] [Dublin City Student Number: 18114741] [Charles Student Number: 87084963] [Student Name: Virag Imola Turcsan] Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of International Master in Security, Intelligence, and Strategic Studies Word Count: 21990 Supervisor: Professor Oldrich Bures Date of Submission: 30.07.2020. Abstract The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks have significantly impacted the international community and its approach to counterterrorism. By prioritising security norms over those of human rights, the security-liberty balance was tipped towards security in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, resulting in long- term negative consequences for human rights and civil liberties. The United Nations and its Security Council (UNSC) was no exception to this trend and had enacted far-reaching measures within its targeted counterterrorism sanctions regimes that limited human rights guaranteed by international laws, conventions, and treaties. This thesis looks at the evolution of the UNSC targeted counterterrorism sanctions regimes from 1999...
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Saudi Arabia and its "Soft" Approach in Counterterrorism
Rakovská, Petra ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Charvát, Jan (referee)
The thesis deals with the phenomenon of global terrorism and Saudi's counterterrorism strategy. This strategy consists of several "soft" counterterterrorist measures, which represent some sort of innovation in the field of counterterrorism. The first part is an introduction into the background of the thesis. It introduces the key terms, such as terrorism, counterterrorism and its main concepts, typology and root causes of terrorist activity. Saudi Arabia is presented as islamic country and corrupt interpetation of the islamic ideology is supposed to be the cause of extremism. Other parts of the thesis are dealing with the "soft" approach itself, which was launched in the aftermath of Rijad terrorist attacks in 2003. There is an attempt to explain its individual components, whilst the PRAC strategy is considered to be the key part. PRAC strategy offers counselling and rehabilitation to extremist individuals or sympathizers with terrorists. Saudi authorities have implemented some other countermeasures, which are then clarified by the author. Eventually, the author evaluates the approach and outlines its advantages and disadvantages.
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Terrorism from the perspective of public policy
Batko, Martin ; Cejp, Martin (advisor) ; Knobloch, František (referee)
Area of interest regarding this master thesis is the fight against terrorism at European Union level. The work then aims to analyze how effective the EU institutions in the fight against terrorism, Europol, Eurojust and the CTC, are. The first part focuses on the issue of terrorism itself, by the help of comparative analysis and data analysis the possible root causes of terrorism and issues regarding radicalization are discussed. The second part is devoted to the actual effectiveness of the main EU institutions in the fight against terrorism and consequently to the security threat associated with the issue of foreign fighters that became a priority agenda within the EU counterterrorism. These sections has also been prepared on the basis of empirical research since semi-standardized interviews with experts in this field were conducted. It was investigated, that the EU institutions in the fight against terrorism have several weaknesses, and there are several limits in their fight against terrorism. Conversely, in the context of foreign fighters the EU has managed to adopt several concrete and directed measures.
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Israel's Intelligence Evolution after the failures of Yom Kippur and Second Lebanese War
Veljkovic, Marko ; Střítecký, Vít (advisor) ; Záhora, Jakub (referee)
security of nation. What is intelligence's role in the case of Israel? How has it evolved during s that Israel has learned from its mistakes in the past "has actually picked up that up call", and has made its intelligence the most powerful and reliable weapon in their V posledních několika desetiletích byla inteligence srdcem boje proti terorismu a bezpečnosti národa. Jaká je úloha zpravodajských služeb v případě Izraele? Jak se vyvíjel během své existence? Jaké byly zaměřující se události, selhání, která způsobila tento vývoj ve inteli Jaká je úloha inteligence v boji proti terorismu? Většina studií ignoruje zásadní roli, kterou inteligence přináší do arény, nebo se zaměřuje pouze na její nejkontroverznější aspekty. Tento článek tvrdí, že se Izrael poučil ze svých chyb v minulosti "skutečně vzal toto budící volání" a učinil ze své inteligence nejsilnější a nejspolehlivější zbraň ve svém arzenálu v národní bezpečnosti. Prozkoumá a důležité role, které musí každé odvětví zpravodajství přinést ke stolu blémy mají jednotlivé pobočky a jak mohou zabránit problémům? Tato práce bude zdůrazňovat klady a efektivitu izraelského modelu boje proti terorismu jako dosud nejúčinnějšího a nejúspěšnějšího s ohledem na liberální demokracii. o dvojsečný meč, který nemůže být nahrazen žádnou jinou formou sběru inteligence.
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Model of Comparison for World Intelligence Communities
Bouchard, Claire ; Kofroň, Jan (advisor) ; Doboš, Bohumil (referee)
This thesis focuses on whether we can create a categorizational model for foreign intelligence communities and if we can identify factors that will help us predict those foreign intelligence communities' effectiveness in counterterrorism. In order to determine this, the author based one of her main factors on the 1995 Sederberg article that separates counterterrorism models into three main categories: (1) War Model, (2) Criminal Model, and (3) Disease Model. She also relates these models to three of the main geopolitical schools of thought as follows: (1) War Model - Realism, (2) Criminal Model - Liberalism, and (3) Disease Model - Constructivism. The second main factor analyzed here is the centralization of the intelligence community. This clearly affects the consistency of the counterterrorism message being encouraged by the state, as well as the speed with which the Intelligence Community can respond to an emergency situation. The key contributions of this thesis lie in the creation of the comparison model and the subsequent analysis of the six case studies. This model combines and acknowledges theories of counterterrorism effectiveness that have not been previously studied together and is also a useful comparison tool for foreign intelligence agencies without running into many of the same...
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The Approach of the Bush and Obama Administration to Fighting Terrorism in Afghanistan
Mikšovská, Kristýna ; Hornát, Jan (advisor) ; Raška, Francis (referee)
The Bachelor's thesis deals with the changes of the U.S. counterterrorism strategy during the presidency of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. The main purpose is to compare the pre-emption strategy with the diplomatic one, regarding the fight against terrorism. After the 11/9/2001 attacks, the threat of terrorism became the number one priority to all U.S. federal institutions responsible for ensuring security. The terrorist organization responsible for the events of 9/11 was Al-Qaeda, therefore it's activity is main subject for this analysis. Since then, the American counterterrorism strategy went through major changes and during the analysed period it went through further development. The text records mainly the period of 2001 - 2015. The main sources are doctrinal documents published frequently by each administration, and legislation released as a response to 9/11. The conclusion tries to evaluate, which part or parts of counter-terrorism strategy of each president were different from their rhetoric and whose approach was more convenient. Keywords counterterrorism, president, Bush, Obama, Afghanistan, security, threat, Al- Qaeda
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Performative Power and Terrorism in Europe in the 2010's
Smit, Roeland Pieter ; Rychnovská, Dagmar (advisor) ; Aslan, Emil (referee)
This diploma thesis called 'Performative Power and Terrorism in Europe in the 2010s', deals with the evolution of terrorism, counterterrorism and the use of the theory of performative power, as coined by Beatrice de Graaf in 2010. Since the recent attacks in Paris (13th of November 2015) and Nice (14th of July 2016), terrorism has become a hot topic again for both scholars and policymakers. De Graaf has provided a schedule of fourteen signifiers in order to measure the performativity of authorities, and the extent to which they are capable of influencing public fears and opinion when it comes to terrorism. A schedule that should concretise the way in which theory can be 'translated' to practice. By means of two case studies, regarding the terrorist attacks mentioned above, the theory and its signifiers will be analysed. The result of this analysis was stunning. This paper argues the theory and the signifiers are partially flawed and anachronistic. Although De Graaf considers her theory to be universal, the research conducted in this document reveals shortcomings and proves it does not stand the test of time. In order to make performative power and the signifiers time-resistant it has to be altered. Recommendations are therefore provided at the end of this paper.
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Terrorism and its criminal aspects
Kořínek, Štěpán ; Jelínek, Jiří (advisor) ; Pelc, Vladimír (referee)
Resume The title of this rigorous thesis is Terrorism and its Criminal Aspects. The thesis is divided into four chapters, whereupon each chapter is telling about the phenomenon of terrorism in a different way. The first chapter focuses on the basis of terrorism and theoretical definitions of terrorism. It also contains historical views on universal theoretically doctrinal definitions of terrorism. It follows the components of the definitions of terrorism and its causes and consequences. This part also contains the classification of terrorism called typology. The second chapter will discuss the codification of terrorism in the field of criminal law in Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. There is an analysis of valid and efficient Czech and Slovak criminal codex, which contains a crime ,,teroristický útok'' and ,,terorizmus''. It also presents other criminal activities like cybercrime, economic crime, and violent crime. Especially cybercrime, also known as cyber criminality, entails a novum in criminal jurisprudence. Next part of this chapter is focused on selected instruments of criminal law to fight against terrorism like European arrest warrant, terrorist custody, European evidence order and others. Of course, it was unimaginable, hence impossible, to forget a sphere of international law and its relation...
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U.S.-Saudi Counterterrorism Cooperation after 9/11
Pánek, Robin ; Ditrych, Ondřej (advisor) ; Bureš, Oldřich (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of changing nature of the terrorist threat on the foreign policy of the United States during the presidency of Barack Obama in the region of Middle East, together with the impact of changes in this foreign policy on the cooperation and relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia. The changing nature of the terrorist threat is analyzed primarily on the example of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and analyzed are also the circumstances of its rise, the events of the Arab Spring. The course of these events is shown in the cases of countries important for the current U.S. foreign policy in the region, therefore in the cases of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Yemen and the U.S. foreign policy is analyzed in relation with its reaction on these events. Shown is the shift in this foreign policy, tied with the changes in the counterterrorism policy due to the changes in the nature of the terrorist threat. Resulting foreign policy is analyzed using the Foreign Policy Analysis and its models, which helps to explain the apparent rift in the Obama administration in relation to Middle East. The last chapter focuses primarily on the cooperation of the United States with Saudi Arabia and the Saudi relation with terrorism. Shown are Saudi counterterrorism...
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