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Vývoj příjmových nerovností v zemích V4
Borzov, Mikhail
Bc. Borzov, M., Income Inequality Development in V4 Countries. Bachelor's thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2023. The bachelor's thesis titled "Income Inequality Development in V4 Countries" deals with the identification of relevant factors that affect the development of income inequality in individual countries of the Visegrad Group during the period of 2004-2020. The theoretical part of the thesis provides an up-to-date overview of studies dealing with income inequality issues. This part of the thesis analyzes theoretical concepts and various approaches currently used to explain income inequality. The empirical part of the thesis focuses on conducting a correlation and regression analysis to identify specific factors that influence income inequality. The results of the regression analysis show that among the significant factors are unemployment, globalization, industrial structure, its added value, and other factors. These results suggest that changes in these factors may have a significant impact on income inequality in V4 countries.
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Globalization, Rule of Law and Wealth Inequality
Svěchotová, Anežka ; Horváth, Roman (advisor) ; Schwarz, Jiří (referee)
We examine the determinants of wealth inequality using new dataset consisting of a rich set of explanatory variables including rule of law, as well as different measures of globalization. We use the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach to account for model uncertainty. The BMA methodology allows to thoroughly compare a large number of potential determinants. Due to large differences in wealth inequality across different countries, the variables included reflect countries' various aspects, namely economic, geographical, regulatory, institutional, finance, globalization, political and demographic factors. Examining 39 potential determinants, we find five robustly related variables. Among them there are three financial development indicators, GDP growth and one geographical dummy for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. On the other hand, some of the measures of globalization are correlated with wealth inequality; however, they are not its determinants. JEL Classification C33, E21, G51 Keywords wealth inequality, globalization, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) Title Globalization, Rule of Law and Wealth Inequality
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Gini coefficient maximization in binary logistic regression
Říha, Samuel ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hlávka, Zdeněk (referee)
This Bachelor thesis describes a binary logistic regression model. By means of the term loss function a parameter estimation for the model is derived. A "rich" set of "proper" loss functions - beta family of Fisher-consistent loss functions - is defined. In the second part of the thesis, four basic goodness-of-fit criteria - Gini coefficient, C-statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and coefficient of determination R2 are defined. Further on, a possibility of parameter estimation by maximizing the Gini coefficient is analysed. Several algorithms are designed for this purpose. They are compared with so far existing methods in one simulated data set and three real ones. 1
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Regression goodness-of-fit criteria according to dependent variable type
Šimsa, Filip ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hlubinka, Daniel (referee)
This work is devoted to the description of linear, logistic, ordinal and multinominal regression models and interpretation of its parameters. Then it introduces a variety of quality indicators of mathematical models and the re- lations between them. It focuses mainly on the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of determination R2 . The first mentioned is established by modifying the Lorenz curve for ordinal and continuous variables and by comparing the estimated proba- bilities for nominal variable. The coefficient of determination R2 is newly defined for the nominal variable and is examined its relationship with Gini coefficient. As- suming normally distributed scores and errors of the model is numerically derived the relation between the Gini coefficient and the coefficient of determiantion for different distribution of continuous dependent variable. Theoretical calculations and definitions are illustrated on two real data sets. 1
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Models of default prediction of a client
Hezoučká, Šárka ; Černý, Rostislav (advisor) ; Hurt, Jan (referee)
The aim of the presented work is to investigate possible improvement of scor- ing models prediction power in retail credit segment by using structural models estimating the future development of behavioral score. These models contain the information about past development of the behavioral score by parameters which take into account the sensitivity of clients' probability of default on in- dividual market and life changes. These parameters are estimated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods based on score history. Eight different types of struc- tural models were applied on the real data. The diversification measure of indivi- dual models is compared using the Gini coefficient. These structural models were compared with each other and also with the existing scoring model of the credit institution which provided the underlying data. 1
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Estimation and goodness-of-fit criteria in logistic regression model
Ondrušková, Markéta ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Zvára, Karel (referee)
In this bachelor thesis we describe binary logistic regression model and estimation of model's parameters by maximum likelihood method. Then we propose algorithm for the least squares method. In the goodness-of-fit criteria part we define Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, C-statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and coefficient of determination R2 . We derive their relation to different sample coefficients of correlation. We derive typical relation between Gini coeffi- cient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and newly also coefficient of determination R2 via model of normally distributed score of bad and good clients. These derived teoretical results are verified on three real data sets. Keywords: Binary logistic regression, maximum likelihood, ordinary least squa- res, Gini coefficient, coefficient of determination. 1
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Analysis and prediction of league games results
Šimsa, Filip ; Hanzák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Večeř, Jan (referee)
The thesis is devoted to an analysis of ice hockey matches results in the highest Czech league competition in seasons 1999/2000 to 2014/2015 and to prediction of the following matches. We describe and apply Kalman filter theory where forms of teams represent an unobservable state vector and results of matches serve as measurements. Goal differences are identified as a suitable transformation of a match result. They are used as a dependent variable in a linear regression to find significant predictors. For a prediction of a match result we construct an ordinal model with those predictors. By using generalized Gini coefficient, we compare a diversifica- tion power of this model with betting odds, which are offered by betting companies. At the end, we combine knowledge of odds before a match with other predictors to make a prediction model. This model is used to identify profitable bets. 1
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Economic inequalities in EU: capital flows between the core and the periphery
Deďo, Peter ; Hána, David (advisor) ; Kebza, Martin (referee)
The subject of this bachelor thesis is the economic inequalities in the European Union between 1999 and 2018, with the aim to analyze the impact of capital flows resulting from dividends and remittances paid out on the development of spatial disparities between national states. The first part of the thesis attempts to anchor the theme into the concept of the World system by I. Wallerstein with an overlap into the historical context, which formed the basis for today's polarization of Europe. The following is a brief description of the pros and cons of inequalities with the presentation of the European Union's efforts to address this problem. In the methodological part there are described the tools for the study of variability and capital flows. The empirical study applies methodological approaches to the specific data of gross domestic product and gross disposable income coming mainly from Eurostat. Subsequently, the author tries to interpret the obtained analysis outputs. Keywords: European Union, inequalities, capital flows, Gini coefficient, GDP, structural funds
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Impact of taxes and benefits on income inequality in the Czech Republic
Hospodka, Jakub ; Pavel, Jan (advisor) ; Vaskovskyi, Anton (referee)
The aim of this Bachelor thesis is to analyze the impacts of the tax system and the state social support benefits on the level of income inequality in the Czech Republic between 2004 and 2014. The space is also devoted to anchoring both systems and explaining the part of their functioning that is relevant for the mentioned topic. The Gini coefficient, the Robin Hood Index and the S80 / S20 ratio are used to quantify income inequality. The analysis consists of the creation of four income categories based on the EU SILC survey and the subsequent application of the above-mentioned indicators.
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New new bottom billion: Poverty and regional differences in price levels around the world
Šedivý, Marek ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Schwarz, Jiří (referee)
New new bottom billion: Poverty and regional differences in price levels around the world Author: Marek Šedivý Supervisor: Petr Janský, PhD. Abstract Comparable national price levels are a fundamental instrument for any research attempting to compare economic indicators of various countries. Nowadays they are produced by a number of organizations, namely the World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Penn World Tables. However these are provided only on national level even though significant evidence of inter-regional differences in price levels exists. This could lead to a bias of income-based economic indicators. Systematic assessment of the impact of spatial price differences on income-based economic indicators was done in this thesis. On the basis of the existing research it estimates regional price levels for a sample of 21 high and middle income countries. By combination of these indicators with income survey data provided by the Luxembourg Income Study it constructs Gini coefficients and poverty headcount ratios both adjusted and unadjusted for regional price levels. Significant and persistent evidence of bias induced by regional price levels is found throughout the sample. In the majority of cases the failure to adjust for spatial price differences leads to...
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