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Pilot Scale Solar Dryer Design
Plucar, Tomáš ; Létal, Tomáš (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
is Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.
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Natural dewatering of sewage sludge of small producers
Mrvová, Michaela ; Hynánková,, Eva (referee) ; Kriška-Dunajský, Michal (advisor)
The thesis is focused on measurements possibility associated with sludge dewatering, realized on technological wetlands. Focus of this thesis is the evaluation of evapotranspiration in wetland macrophytes, respectively - comparison of three measurements - in the sludge drying bed to the greenhouse facility, sludge drying bed without the greenhouse building and measuring the meteorological station at 2.0 meters above the ground. One of the goals is an automated system monitoring and regulating moisture conditions in sludge dewatering. The aim of the evaluation is completed dewatering equipment from an economic point of view.
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Hormones in sewage sludge
Jagošová, Klára ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Currently there is a spate of interest in the presence of pharmacologically active substances in the environment. These substances are excreted in active or metabolized form and with wastewater pass the wastewater treatment plant. Current treatment technologies do not always eliminate all pharmaceuticals effectively and therefore they enter the environment. One of these active groups is the group of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones belong to the group of endocrine disruptors and they are considered to be dangerous for the ecosystems. Due to the hydrophobic character of steroid hormones they undergo partial or total sorption from wastewater to sludge. Sewage sludge is the by product of wastewater treatment and contains heavy metals, organic contaminants and pathogenic bacteria. A part of produced sewage sludge is used as a fertilizer in the Czech Republic. This issue follows the regulation 347/2016 – conditions of agricultural use of sewage sludge. Waste policy of EU will alter the conditions of sludge disposal, so it is necessary to obtain data about the concentration levels, fate and behaviour of those pollutants. This thesis was focused on five natural female hormones and four synthetic, which are used as a part of contraceptive pills and substitutional hormonal therapy. Determination of hormones was performed in four steps including ultrasonic assisted extraction, clean up by solid phase extraction, derivatization and final analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on triple quadrupole in MS/MS mode.
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Sludge pretreatment and its further utilization
Němec, Jan ; Dlabaja, Tomáš (referee) ; Elsässer, Thomas (advisor)
The thesis deals with methods of pre-treatment (disintegration) of sewage sludge, which offers an opportunity for better operation of a waste water treatment plant. The introduction is aimed at sewage water and sludge dividing, and then at their characteristics. In this thesis a current state of sludge disposal within the reference to the legislature and how to divide the methods of disintegration is also marked. Afterwards a description of selected methods of sludge disintegration, their comparison and the applicability of thermal disintegration to pasteurization of sewage sludge is included.
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Microplastics in solid matrices of the environment
Pospíchalová, Eliška ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
Microplastics, plastic particles of 5 mm-1 nm in size, are now widespread across different ecosystems. The increasing amount of microplastic contamination of aquatic and terrestrial environments requires the development of standardized methods for their separation and analysis. One of the main vectors of microplastic input to terrestrial ecosystems is through sewage sludge. The sludge is recycled for fertilization and reclamation due to its high organic matter content. Scientists have already been able to quantify and identify a range of microplastics in sewage sludge of different sizes, polymer types, shapes, etc. This thesis focuses on the optimization of existing methodologies to extract microplastics from solid environmental samples and their subsequent qualitative and quantitative analysis. The steps required for sample pre-treatment prior to analysis, namely reduction in organic matter content by the Fenton reaction process and density-based separation of microplastics by flotation in saturated NaI solution (1.8 g/cm3 ) using centrifugation, were optimized. Microplastics in size fractions of 20-40 μm and 150-300 μm were fabricated and introduced into flotation and total recovery experiments of the methodology to determine the recovery. Fluorescence microscopy was chosen for quantitative...
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Hygienization of dewatered sewage sludge using vermicomposting process under field conditions
Fojtová, Zuzana ; Innemanová, Petra (advisor) ; Grasserová, Alena (referee)
Sewage sludge is a waste material that is a valuable source of organic matter and nutrients and is used as a fertiliser on agricultural land in many countries around the world. However, the application of sewage sludge carries risks associated with the presence of pathogenic micro- organisms and other undesirable substances in this material and in many countries sewage sludge must meet limits for land application. Vermicomposting of these materials can be one effective way of reducing pathogens in sewage sludge. In this thesis, I investigated the effectiveness of sanitizing sewage sludge in the vermicomposting process under field conditions. The experiment was conducted in an earthen vermicomposter with a total working volume of 10.5 m3 near the village of Hrbov, near Lhenice in the South Bohemia region. Hygienization efficiency was measured using a test with an introduced microorganism (E. coli). The test was modified for the vermicomposting process. In the experiment, a mixture of sewage sludge mixed with birch chips in a ratio of 1:1.5 (sludge: chips) was (i) vermicomposted for six months, (ii) composted only, and (iii) composted for one month and then vermicomposted. In addition to the evaluation of the hygienisation efficiency of the different options, the stability and possible phytotoxicity...
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Dosing of particulate matter in rotary driers and rotary kilns
Kubín, Pavel ; Hudák, Igor (referee) ; Bojanovský, Jiří (advisor)
The bachelor thesis is focused on particulate matter dosing into rotary dryers. In the theoretical part, the thesis focuses on the mechanical properties of particulate matter (PM), especially the flow properties. The method of determining these properties is also men-tioned. The following part deals with the currently used PM dosing methods. The basic methods of dosing are listed here and their combination can subsequently lead to a complex dosing system. The practical part contains two designs of sewage sludge dosing systems and a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages. It also lists the boundary conditions to be considered before starting the design of such a dosing device.
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Sewage sludge – a secondary source of environmental contamination with heavy metals
Sysel, Petr ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This work deals with the elementary trace analysis of sewage sludge as a potential source of risk elements when applied to agricultural land. A total of 24 samples were analyzed, divided into two sets with different collection dates. The total content of zinc, copper, chromium, lead, mercury and cadmium in sewage sludge, as well as amount of risk elements that are extracted from sludge to water in 24 hours, was determined. Atomic absorption spectrometry was chosen for the analysis. It was found that the risk elements are in sewage sludge in amounts and order Zn (254.68 – 3084.53 mg/kg) > Cu (6.18 – 961.89 mg/kg) > Cr (26.95 – 387 .91 mg/kg) > Pb (0.84 – 155.30 mg/kg) > Hg (0.50 – 4.12 mg/kg) > Cd (0.06 – 2.61 mg/kg). A lower amounts of analyzed metals in the aqueous extracts than their total amounts in sludges were observed. The concentration of mercury and cadmium in the aqueous extracts was below the detection limits. It was evaluated that the risk elements in sewage sludge are found in less water soluble compounds. The results also show that the concentration of risk elements in the sludge does not depend on the number of equivalent inhabitants for which the treatment plant is dimensioned.
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Možnosti využití vyhnilých kalů z městské čistírny k pyrolýze a jejich použití v sorpčních procesech na příkladu kyseliny šťavelové
PRAŽÁK, Jakub
This diploma thesis is focused on sludge management of waste water treatment plants. The research part of the thesis outlines the problems of sludge management in the Czech Republic and also deals with technologies and technical solutions related to the treatment and handling of sewage sludge for various purposes. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes the function of urban wastewater treatment plants and technological methods of wastewater treatment. I also focus on energy utilization of sewage sludge in pyrolysis processes. The result of these pyrolysis processes is called Biochar. Biochar is a carbon thick solid that arises from the pyrolysis of organic materials for application to soil and other uses such as biofuels. The carbon that remains in the solid forms stable aromatic structures that are more resistant to degradation in the natural environment. The mineral ash content of the original organic materials is preserved in the biochart and the volatile constituents of the raw material are lost during the pyrolysis process. In the second part of the work, the prepared and modified samples of the biochar are subjected to the determination of the sorption properties in order to determine whether the biochar is able to transfer the nutrients contained in it to the soil. If the biochar were able to transfer nutrients to the soil without any undesirable side effects, it could very much solve the problem of its future storage.
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