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Covering All Lines Intersecting a Convex Domain
Sterzik, Marek ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor)
For a given covnex body we try to find the shortest possible set (optionally admitting some prescribed properties) meeting all lines meeting the given body. The size of the covering set is measured by the Hausdorff 1-dimensional measure 1. In the first chapter there is given an introduction to the problem. In the second chapter we discuss the upper bound for the minimal covering set. In the third chapter we discuss the existence and properties of the minimal covering. In the fourth chapter we show some lower bounds for the size of a covering. In the fifth chapter we study some related topics and a generalization of the problem.
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Ramsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs
Balko, Martin ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor)
Ramsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs Martin Balko Abstract We introduce ordered Ramsey numbers, which are an analogue of Ramsey numbers for graphs with a linear ordering on their vertices. We study the growth rate of ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with respect to the number of vertices. We find ordered match- ings whose ordered Ramsey numbers grow superpolynomially. We show that ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with bounded degeneracy and interval chromatic number are at most polynomial. We prove that ordered Ramsey numbers are at most polynomial for ordered graphs with bounded bandwidth. We find 3-regular graphs that have superlinear ordered Ramsey numbers, regardless of the ordering. The last two results solve problems of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov. We derive the exact formula for ordered Ramsey numbers of mono- tone cycles and use it to obtain the exact formula for geometric Ramsey numbers of cycles that were introduced by K'arolyi et al. We refute a conjecture of Peters and Szekeres about a strengthening of the fa- mous Erd˝os-Szekeres conjecture to ordered hypergraphs. We obtain the exact formula for the minimum number of crossings in simple x-monotone drawings of complete graphs and provide a combinatorial characterization of these drawings in terms of colorings of ordered...
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Bounds of number of empty tetrahedra and other simplices
Reichel, Tomáš ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor) ; Balko, Martin (referee)
Let M be a finite set of random uniformly distributed points lying in a unit cube. Every four points from M make a tetrahedron and the tetrahedron can either contain some of the other points from M, or it can be empty. This diploma thesis brings an upper bound of the expected value of the number of empty tetrahedra with respect to size of M. We also show how precise is the upper bound in comparison to an approximation computed by a straightforward algorithm. In the last section we move from the three- dimensional case to a general dimension d. In the general d-dimensional case we have empty d-simplices in a d-hypercube instead of empty tetrahedra in a cube. Then we compare the upper bound for d-dimensional case to the results from another paper on this topic. 1
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Structural properties of hereditary permutation classes
Opler, Michal ; Jelínek, Vít (advisor) ; Valtr, Pavel (referee)
A permutation class C is splittable if it is contained in a merge of its two proper subclasses, and it is 1-amalgamable if given two permutations σ, τ ∈ C, each with a marked element, we can find a permutation π ∈ C containing both σ and τ such that the two marked elements coincide. In this thesis, we study both 1-amalgamability and splittability of permutation classes. It was previously shown that unsplittability implies 1-amalgamability. We prove that unsplittability and 1-amalgamability are not equivalent properties of permutation classes by showing that there is a permutation class that is both splittable and 1-amalgamable. Moreover, we show that there are infinitely many such classes. Our construction is based on the concept of LR-inflations or more generally on hereditary 2-colorings, which we both introduce here and which may be of independent interest. 1
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On the interior of a minimal convex polygon
Šplíchal, Ondřej ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor) ; Rataj, Jan (referee)
Zvolme konečnou množinu bod· P v rovině v obecné poloze, tj. žádné 3 body neleží na přímce. Konvexní n-úhelník je minimální, pokud v jeho konvexním obalu neleží jiný konvexní n-úhelník s vrcholy v P. Erd®s a Szekeres (1935) ukázali, že pro každé n ≥ 3 existuje minimální číslo ES(n) takové, že mezi libovolnými ES(n) body v rovině v obecné poloze lze vybrat n bod·, které tvoří vrcholy konvexního n-úhelníku. Z jejich tvrzení vyplývá, že v topologic- kém vnitřku minimálního konvexního n-úhelníku m·že ležet jen omezený po- čet bod· P pro libovolnou volbu P. Označíme maximální takový počet jako mci(n). V práci ukážeme horní odhad mci(n) ≤ ES(n) − n a spodní odhad 2n−3 − n + 2 ≤ mci(n) pro n ≥ 3.
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Problems in discrete geometry
Patáková, Zuzana ; Matoušek, Jiří (advisor) ; Bárány, Imre (referee) ; Valtr, Pavel (referee)
of doctoral thesis Problems in discrete geometry Zuzana Patáková This thesis studies three different questions from discrete geometry. A common theme for these problems is that their solution is based on algebraic methods. First part is devoted to the polynomial partitioning method, which par- titions a given finite point set using the zero set of a suitable polynomial. However, there is a natural limitation of this method, namely, what should be done with the points lying in the zero set? Here we present a general version dealing with the situation and as an application, we provide a new algorithm for the semialgebraic range searching problem. In the second part we study Ramsey functions of semialgebraic predi- cates. Conlon, Fox, Pach, Sudakov, and Suk constructed the first examples of semialgebraic predicates with the Ramsey function bounded from below by a tower function. We reduce the dimension of the ambient space in their construction and as a consequence, we provide a new geometric Ramsey-type theorem with a large Ramsey function. Last part is devoted to reptile simplices. A simplex S is k-reptile if it can be tiled by k simplices with disjoint interiors that are all mutually congruent and similar to S. We show that four-dimensional k-reptile simplices can exist only for k = m2 , where m ≥ 1...
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Ramsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs
Balko, Martin ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor)
Ramsey-type results for ordered hypergraphs Martin Balko Abstract We introduce ordered Ramsey numbers, which are an analogue of Ramsey numbers for graphs with a linear ordering on their vertices. We study the growth rate of ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with respect to the number of vertices. We find ordered match- ings whose ordered Ramsey numbers grow superpolynomially. We show that ordered Ramsey numbers of ordered graphs with bounded degeneracy and interval chromatic number are at most polynomial. We prove that ordered Ramsey numbers are at most polynomial for ordered graphs with bounded bandwidth. We find 3-regular graphs that have superlinear ordered Ramsey numbers, regardless of the ordering. The last two results solve problems of Conlon, Fox, Lee, and Sudakov. We derive the exact formula for ordered Ramsey numbers of mono- tone cycles and use it to obtain the exact formula for geometric Ramsey numbers of cycles that were introduced by K'arolyi et al. We refute a conjecture of Peters and Szekeres about a strengthening of the fa- mous Erd˝os-Szekeres conjecture to ordered hypergraphs. We obtain the exact formula for the minimum number of crossings in simple x-monotone drawings of complete graphs and provide a combinatorial characterization of these drawings in terms of colorings of ordered...
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Extremal Polyominoes
Steffanová, Veronika ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor) ; Cibulka, Josef (referee)
Title: Extremal Polyominoes Author: Veronika Steffanová Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr. Abstract: The thesis is focused on polyominoes and other planar figures consisting of regular polygons, namely polyiamonds and polyhexes. We study the basic geometrical properties: the perimeter, the convex hull and the bounding rectangle/hexagon. We maximise and minimise these parameters and for the fixed size of the polyomino, denoted by n. We compute the extremal values of a chosen parameter and then we try to enumerate all polyominoes of the size n, which has the extremal property. Some of the problems were solved by other authors. We summarise their results. Some of the problems were solved by us, namely the maximal bounding rectan- gle/hexagon and maximal convex hull of polyiamonds. There are still sev- eral topics which remain open. We summarise the literature and offer our observations for the following scientists. Keywords: Polyomino, convex hull, extremal questions, plane 1
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Viditelnostní grafy
Král, Karel ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor) ; Balko, Martin (referee)
In the thesis we study visibility graphs focusing on the Big Line Big Clique conjecture. For a given finite point set P in real plane we say that two points see each other if and only if the open line segment between them contains no point from P. Points from P are vertices of the visibility graph, and two points are connected by an edge if and only if they see each other. Kára et al. conjectured that for every finite big enough point set there are at least ℓ collinear points, or the clique number of its visibility graph is at least k. In the thesis we generalize the conjecture, and thus provide an alternative proof for k = ℓ = 4. We also review related known results. We strengthen an observation about occurrence of a Hamiltonian cycle in visibility graphs. We characterize the asymptotic behavior of the edge chromatic number of visibility graphs. We show that for given n, ℓ, k the original conjecture is decidable by a computer. We also provide computer experiments both for the generalized and for the original conjecture. 1
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Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations
Cibulka, Josef ; Valtr, Pavel (advisor) ; Füredi, Zoltán (referee) ; Jelínek, Vít (referee)
Title: Extremal combinatorics of matrices, sequences and sets of permutations Author: Josef Cibulka Department: Department of Applied Mathematics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Valtr, Dr., Department of Applied Mathematics Abstract: This thesis studies questions from the areas of the extremal theory of {0, 1}-matrices, sequences and sets of permutations, which found many ap- plications in combinatorial and computational geometry. The VC-dimension of a set P of n-element permutations is the largest integer k such that the set of restrictions of the permutations in P on some k-tuple of positions is the set of all k! permutation patterns. We show lower and upper bounds quasiexponential in n on the maximum size of a set of n-element permutations with VC-dimension bounded by a constant. This is used in a paper of Jan Kynčl to considerably improve the upper bound on the number of weak isomorphism classes of com- plete topological graphs on n vertices. For some, mostly permutation, matrices M, we give new bounds on the number of 1-entries an n × n M-avoiding matrix can have. For example, for every even k, we give a construction of a matrix with k2 n/2 1-entries that avoids one specific k-permutation matrix. We also give almost tight bounds on the maximum number of 1-entries in matrices avoiding a fixed layered...
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