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Comparison of Nordic and Central European forests for their socio-economic function and measurement methods
 Ukkonen, Sami Johannes
This work is focused on the collection of theoretical and internationally agreed-upon information on the range and sources of socio-economic functions and benefits provided by forests and subsequently on the comparison of these functions within set groups of Nordic and Central European countries. The countries chosen for these groups were Finland Sweden Norway Czech Republic Slovakia and Austria. Simultaneously was examined if there exists nationally or regionally different approaches on how these and other forest functions are typically measured or evaluated in general. Through a review of literature and multiple national and international statistical compilations was obtained both quantitative and qualitative data regarding the forests forest policies and forest industries of each country observed. This information was placed within the frames of internationally acknowledged Criteria & Indicator standards for the Maintenance of socioeconomic functions and conditions. Afterwards these standards were then used accordingly as the basis for the comparisons made. Overall it was found that some of the main characteristics of the socio-economic functions and benefits of forests proved relatively similar in the two regions particularly from the social point of view and management-related goals and objectives in each country. Main differences were more identifiable through the economic aspects of forest functions but mostly on national and not so much on regional level. The significance and value of local forest-based industries combined with the political and historical background and cultural traditions of each country contributed strongly towards many of the observed differences. Noticeable discrepancies on the methods of measurement of the forest socio-economic functions were found relatively few and trivial among the countries studied. Significantly different nationally individual approaches to evaluate forest functions in general could not be identified outside of the Czech Republic.
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