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Leucocytozoon in passerines
Geržová, Lenka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Vinkler, Michal (referee)
Leucocytozoon is the least studied genus of blood parasites of the order Haemosporida comparison with the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Its transmission is almost exclusively linked with a vector of the genus Simulium, which ensures the circulation of parasites in populations of wild and domestic birds. Numerous species have been are described by classical taxonomy, but it is assumed that this genus hides a number of cryptic species, its diversity being much higer. Methods of detection include microscopy, a classical method used for many decades, and molecular biology methods introducted at the turn of the millenium. Key words: Leucocytozoon, passerines, prevalence, species, dynamics of infection, detection
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Haemoproteus in passerines: Prevalence and infekction dynamics
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium are widespread genera of blood parasites from phylum Apicomplexa. Both genera have dixenous life cycle and their definitive hosts belong to the order Diptera. Both parasites can be found in birds where asexual division takes place. The infection with genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium is usually asymptomatic; during long lasting chronic phase relapses of the infection can occur. We gained 1 092 blood samples from 29 trapped species of passerines in Milovice forest during seasons 2017-2019. Haemosporidians were detected in 48 % of samples. The prevalence of genus Plasmodium was 16 %, the prevalence of genus Haemoproteus was 22 % and 10 % we could not specify the parasite. We have found six new lineages of genus Haemoproteus, provisionally named Haemoproteus lineages coccoc_1, coccoc_2, coccoc_3, coccoc_4, embcit, fricoe which total prevalence was 14 %. Lineage Haemoproteus sp. coccoc_1 was the most noticed one and its prevalence was 12 %. Plasmodium relictum clone Peng14-121Br2AF and isolate Cc_P1 was the second most prevalent (13 %). Infection dynamics was studied in samples gained in years 2014-2019. Forty individuals were examined between years and twenty-seven individuals were examined intraseasonally. Three individuals were trapped both intra- and...
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The role of hippoboscids in avian trypanosomes transmission
Santolíková, Anežka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to map the presence of avian hippoboscids in Czechia, clarify which lineages of avian trypanosomes are transmitted by them, and to test vector specificity of the trypanosomes that were isolated from louse flies earlier. In the years 2017 - 2018 we found 7 species of louse flies, namely Ornithomya avicularia (91), O. biloba (267), O. fringillina (45), Ornithoica turdi (6), Stenepteryx hirundinis (1) and Ornithophila metallica (1). The specificity of O. biloba and S. hirundinis toward Hirudinidae was confirmed. The other louse fly species were found on both migrant and resident birds. The phylogenetic analysis of gene for cytochrome c oxidase I which contained a newly characterised species O. metallica revealed that it is related to O. turdi. Avian trypanosomes were present in the following species: O. biloba (prevalence 20 %), O. avicularia (8 %), a O. fringillina (4 %). All trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids belonged to the avian trypanosome group corvi-culicavium. Phylogenetic analysis of trypanosome sequences confirmed the presence of five lineages of avian trypanosomes. Four trypanosome sequences from birds formed two new basal clades. Most of the trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids formed a sister group to the previously described lineages. The vector specificity of...
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Avian haemosporidia: Prevalence, host specificity, vectors
Janíčková, Lada ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Kvičerová, Jana (referee)
Haemosporidia are a group of protozoan parasites that shifts between vertebrates and insect vectors during a complicated life cycle. In this thesis I have focused on two of the genera infecting birds, Plasmodium and Haemoproteus (sometimes together referred to as avian malaria) in terms of their host specificity and prevalence in avian hosts and vectors. These globally distributed genera have different vectors, and although they both attack bird hosts, they have different host specificities. While the genus Plasmodium is rather generalistic, the genus Haemoproteus is more host specific. Key words: host specificity, prevalence, bird Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, vector, bird host
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Mosquitoes as vectors of avian trypanosomes
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Šlapeta, Jan (referee)
Avian trypanosomes are quite common parasites of birds, although knowledge of their life cycles and vectors is still insufficient. There are some insect families which serve as vectors of these parasites: blackflies (Simuliidae), hippoboscid flies (Hippobosciade), mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopognidae) and sandflies (Psychodidae). In this study we have been focused on mosquitoes. We have examined prevalence of avian trypanosomes at wild-caught mosquitoes from genus Culex. Furthermore we have studied experimental transmission of avian trypanosomes from mosquitoes to birds. Mosquitoes were caught with CDC traps in three different localities during seasons 2017 and 2018. We caught 956 (125 pools) mosquitoes belonging to genus Culex, from whom 14,4 % pools were positive for avian trypanosomes. MIR (Minimal Infectiom Rate) fluctuated between 0 % to 8,3 % in studied months (May-August). The most frequently identified parasite was T.culicavium, detected in 13,6% (n=17) pooles. Parasites belonging to T. avium group were detected only in 0,8 % (n=1), it was T. thomasbancrofti. In our experimental part we have been focused on development of T. thomasbancrofti and Trypanosoma sp. in laboratory bred mosquitoes Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. molestus and on their experimental transmission to...
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Haemoproteus in passerines: infection dynamics at the individual level
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Hořák, David (referee)
The genus Haemoproteus is worldwide distributed parasitic protist, which belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. This blood parasite has dixenous life cycle and he is occurs in the bird's blood and in invertebrate vectors. Genus Haemoproteus is transmitted by blood-sucking vectors, biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and hippoboscid flies (Hippoboscidae). Vectors are final hosts of the genus Haemoproteus and the sexual process takes place in these vectors. Birds are intermediate hosts, in which representatives of the genus Haemoproteus spend most of their lives. In this bachelor thesis I focused on the influence of the genus Haemoproteus on birds and I focus on the time, when the bird gets infected by Haemoproteus in his life. Key words: Haemoproteus, birds, infection, life cycle, host, Ceratopogonidae, Hippoboscidae
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