|
|
Learnability principles of progressive matrices: a comparison of Czech and Roma children
Páchová, Anna ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Seidlová Málková, Gabriela (referee)
The aim of the graduation theses was to describe and explain the differences between Czech and Roma children in the scope of cognitive modifiability. The second aim was to consider the progressive matrices as tools for measurement of intelligence. To evaluate the cognitive modifiability I used the pretest and retest sets of matrices chosen from the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices. In addition, I also designed three separate sets of matrices that were used for explanation of matrix task principles. I confirmed the learnability of these principles, i.e. the matrix task results are influenced not only by the biological factors but primarily by the cultural background. It means that matrices cannot be considered as a culture free test. The results of Czech children in pretest and retest were significantly higher than the results of Roma children (however, the differences in the retest reached the borderline of statistic significance). On the other hand, the level of improvement (defined as retest minus pretest) was higher in the group of Roma children. So, the worse results of Roma children cannot be explain due to cognitive inferiority. They seem to be associated with the socio-cultural background and with the absence of Mediated Learning Experience. The...
|
|
|
The Structure of the Authority of the Teacher in Communication with Pupils
Francová, Veronika ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Pavelková, Isabella (referee)
The goal of the thesis is to clarify a problem of what we call Teachers' authority. In Czech language the term "Authority" is usually used in the meaning of power or respect the teacher has among pupils. In general we can say that the meaning of the term is rather indefinite. This thesis mainly focuses on the form of communication between teacher and class. Therefore the authority is regarded as the result of organization of competencies, bounds and relations in the area of teacher-pupils contact. The teacher-pupil interaction is considered as a system in all the meanings of this term. Through the teacher-pupils' interaction the communication circle is formed. Every single connection of the class with a teacher creates a unique and compact communication circle where the communication rules are discussed. In this thesis, authority is rather regarded as the mutual negotiation resulting in the final (but still changing) organization of rules and relations within the communication circle. The thesis consists of presentation of the basic theoretical sources, the analysis of the field survey data and discussion about the conclusions. It explores the communication between teacher and class in the eighth class of elementary school. I visited one class - collaborating with three teachers - within one school-year....
|
|
|
Absoption in mathematics and orientation towards mathematics
Kmínková, Eliška ; Pavelková, Isabella (advisor) ; Rendl, Miroslav (referee)
In the beginning of my dissertation me and my supervisor set out several objectives. We concerned ourselves on incentives factores acting prejudice in favour of mathematics and incite orientations for mathematics as well. Various kinds of interests (individual, situational, actual, special-interest), achievement motivation, flow experience and perceived capability for mathematics. We prepared two various lessons of mathematics for the students in graduation class of gymnasium - the first one conventional, the second one experimental, alternative method. We concerned ourselves in students' preferences - which classwork is convenient to successful 1 sudents in mathematics and which one to students which go badly in maths. Next objectiv was observing the group of students "orientated on mathematis", preparing themselves for leaving examination in mathematics and preparing themselves for study in faculties where is this subject is one of the major. What influences the love for mathematics? Situation interest - we took of both from lessons comparison by the students and of their flow experience during lessons. Students' flow experience was almost similar in both lessons, though a little bit better flow experience had students in conventional lesson. The students has been enquired which kind of lesson was better...
|
|
|
Understanding the Word problems on Motion
Schöffelová, Miroslava ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor)
The topic of the thesis was selected based on the long term interests shown by the author in course of her studies. The thesis is a follow up of previous research activities that focused on word problems and the use of experience gathered from them. The whole issue of word problems on motion was selected as the example of typical problems, which children have to face at school, and therefore, they acquire more or less a specific procedure of solving them (as established in prior research). They provide option to draw comparison of their type resemblance and comprehensive variants and of the pupils' capability to implement the acquired procedures when the problem is getting more difficult. This was one of the objectives of the thesis. Another objective was to monitor the specifics of this type of word problems and also the related specific solutions including specific errors the pupils make when solving these types of problems. Furthermore, the objectives include monitoring and analyzing the different pupils' procedures from the qualitative point of view and the efforts to describe their mental representations of the problems and train of thoughts when solving them. The work is divided in two basic parts. The first part is mostly theoretical, containing quotations and theoretical basics excerpted during the...
|
|
|
Sibling relationship in middle chilhood
Pacnerová, Helena ; Viktorová, Ida (advisor) ; Rendl, Miroslav (referee)
In my rigorous thesis 1 focus at describing sibling relationship in middle childhood. I have an aim of finding those specific themes that emerge in this relationship in middle childhood. I search for answers in literature as well as in qualitative research. The purpose of this research is to make an insight into the ways this relationship is experienced by eight to ten-year-old children. On the basis of outcomes of this research I then focus on a detailed analysis of two crucial themes, namely the playing activities and conflict situations of children. In the analysis of these themes a concrete way is reflected of experiencing the sibling relationship in childhood. I provide information on how children in middle childhood perceive and reflect their siblings, the sibling relationship, and themselves in this relationship. This thesis captures both common as well as different aspects of this relationship with children of the same and opposite sex; it examines this relationship through the eyes of children in two basic sibling positions, and it highlights a picture of this relationship typical for various sibling constellations. Thanks to findings of several authors who have dealt with sibling relationships, the outcomes of my research are explained in connection to dynamic aspects of this relationship such as...
|
|
|
Analysis of Solving Math Problems in Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (and its relation to cognitive processing of students)
Sotáková, Hana ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Pavelková, Isabella (referee) ; Bazalová, Barbora (referee)
The dissertation thesis addresses the topic of mathematical tasks processing in students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and problematic points of their solution. The aim of this work is to delineate methods that ASD students use to approach these tasks and solve them. We focus primarily on whether it is possible to identify different procedures than those used by typically developing students, and whether these procedures show specifics corresponding to distinct cognitive processes. In the theoretical part we provide a theoretical background for the study. Firstly, we create a frame to understand the complexity of autism, furthermore we deal with psychological theories examining the topic, and describe specifics of development of ASD students during their adolescence. Thereafter, we reflect on studies addressing mathematical skills of ASD students. Mathematics is considered as their great strength, however is not sufficiently scrutinized, as highlighted by various international studies (for example Oswald et al., 2016). The empiric part is based on qualitative methodology and pursues comparisons of mathematical tasks processing between six ASD students and typically developing peers. We strive to document differences and common points in solutions as well as to analyze cognitive processes of...
|
|
|
The dynamics of asymmetry in healthcare communication
Francová, Veronika ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Miovský, Michal (referee) ; Šmídová, Iva (referee)
The communication between patient and healthcare professional is one of the keys to patients' adherence to treatment and to successful therapy; hence communication is a relevant and widely discussed issue of our healthcare. The relationship between a patient and a health worker is rather asymmetric, which affects the course of their communication. This asymmetry is based on the patient made weak (helpless) by illness whereas the expert/physician is in the position to prescribe treatment with the health staff administering such treatment. The aim of the study is to explore the extent of asymmetry in Czech hospitals, the situations where it is most pronounced and the changing structure of asymmetry as seen from the patients' point of view. We conducted a qualitative analysis of 16 interviews with respondents who have experienced hospitalization. The analysis focuses on the psychological level of communication and on the dynamic process in which the asymmetry is being negotiated. We have proved that there is an a priori asymmetry in the relationship, which, under certain circumstances, is effective for the treatment. The asymmetry is being continually negotiated throughout the communication as it fluctuates within four areas: (1) providing information, (2) rules and practices of the hospital, (3)...
|
|
|
Possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions
Páchová, Anna ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Preiss, Marek (referee) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
TITLE: The possibilities of working memory training and the influence on cognitive functions AUTHOR: Anna Páchová DEPARTMENT: Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Miroslav Rendl, CSc. ABSTRACT: The topic of the PhD thesis was to explore the possibilities of the cognitive development using the training of the basal functions. The analysis of literature showed that (1) working memory (WM) is considered to be the function, which is frequently associated with higher cognitive processes and (2) core training can improve the WM capacity and this improvement seems to be transferred to other types of memory. The transfer to higher cognitive functions (intelligence) was not confirmed unanimously. Training programs were evaluated usually in different groups of individuals but none of these studies considered the possibility of WM training in context of the socio-cultural handicap, even if low SES children achieve poorer performance in cognitive tests including tests of WM. Therefore the aim of this study was to verify the possibilities of WM training on cognitive development with special interest in low SES children. We designed a 400-minutes WM training PC program, which was applied on two groups of children with different SES (low SES - Roma children, middle/high SES - Czech children). The results showed that both groups...
|
|
|
Career choice in adolescence: role of gender stereotypes and identification with mathematics
Louda, Petr ; Smetáčková, Irena (advisor) ; Rendl, Miroslav (referee)
Career choice in education and the acquired/achieved level of education are factors that influence social status of men and women. Despite the fact that women, on average, currently achieve a higher level of education than men, women's marketplace status and their height of salary often do not correspond to it. One of the reasons is a low proportion of women in mathematics-related subjects. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of gender stereotypes and identification with mathematics in career choice. In the theoretical part of this thesis, I introduce the basic terms related to gender and gender stereotypes, the role gender plays in institutions and the potential causes of gender differences in the performance in mathematics. In the empirical part, I analyse data from a questionnaire study investigating career choice, level of identification with mathematics, attitudes to courses in the curriculum and the level of gender stereotypes in Czech adolescents. The results suggest few differences between girls and boys in these areas. However, the level of identification with mathematics and the level of gender stereotypes in the career area are related to the educational career choice.
|
|
|
School, family, leisure time and values of prague students - the changes during twenty years
Míšková, Aneta ; Rendl, Miroslav (advisor) ; Štech, Stanislav (referee)
5 Abstract The thesis focuses on comparison of three files of Prague pupils from years 1991, 2002 and 2011 in the areas of family background, plans relating to career, education, value preferences and ways of spending free time. It consists of two parts: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the family and common activities of parents and children. It is aimed at the support and assistance of parents with children's homework and the influence of family and family members on the choice of subsequent educational pathways. The second and third chapter is devoted to value orientations of students and their leisure activities. The practical part is devoted to the presentation of data acquired through questionnaires with pupils of the eighth grade. These data were compared to data obtained in 1991 and 2002 at the same age pupils in the same schools in Prague. When comparing the data the focus is on several key areas: education and profession of parents, parental reaction due to the child's school success, the choice of secondary school from the point of view of students and parents, the value preferences of students and their leisure activities.
|
guest ::
